Communication and Language Needs Wishes Essay Example for Free

Communication and Language Needs Wishes EssayShow how to find out an individual communication and language needs wishes and preferences conclusion out the way an individual prefers to communicate can be done in two ways direct or validatory. The talk of these individuals is very irksome and intentional. They do not like loud, fast, and excessively aggressive talk. In addition, they concentrate more on the facts and figures, rather than just assumptions. If you be in conversation with an indirect communicator, you need to understand that you should have proof for backing up your suggestions, answers, and views. Individuals who are direct talk more clamorously and rapidly than indirect communicators. They take risks easily, are aggressively self-assured, and are related to type A personalities. If you are in conversation with a direct communicator, just ensure that you get to the point straightaway, be confident about what you say, provide solid instances of your achievements, and be alert when you talk. The direct system is by speaking to the services users on face to face or asking questions, observing what they say and how they sayThe Indirect method is by reading through the services users record and their care plan or by speaking their relatives and also inquiring from their colleagues. . 2.2 demonstrate communication methods that meet an individual communication need wishes and preferences. Written communications, lip reading and body language method for these individual that cannot hear. And also verbal and non verbal communication to an individual who can hear or see. Verbal and touch for Braille individual who is blind moreover not deaf. 2.3 Show how and when to seek advice about communicationSeek advise by speaking to the line manager or professional bodies like nurse, doctors and colleagues if you do not understand what your service user saying or in looking unwell. If you cannot find or understand the records of your services users already p rovided to them seek advice from the police squad manager or colleagues. 3.1idenfiy barriers to affective communicationThere are reasons that can hinder affective communication. For example Poor health and mental health the of import barrier to affective communication is being ill makes it difficult for population to effectively express them and and confidences and self esteem. Background Clients with chronic and terminal disease ofttimes do not talk to their physicians about end-of-life care. Interventions to improve this communication have generally been unsuccessful, suggesting that important barriers to this communication must exist Culture and family affects the way people use the method of communication for example eye contact may not be as common in some culture as in others may be interpreted differently.Aggression being aggressive while communicating makes diffuclt to express your point and to be listened and it applies to both the clients and the carer. Emtonalil diffuc ltieswhen people discover a break up in long term relationship or receive news about death of loved ones they may generate confused or uncontrollably upset and this

Visual Evidences on the Genocide in Darfur Essay Example for Free

Visual Evidences on the Genocide in Darfur EssayThere is an old maxim that goes a picture paints a thousand words. There is almost perfect truth in this pr all overb. Images are worth more than the medium on which they were created, the colorise they show, the shapes and textures they protrude and the subjects they portray. They keep inside literally a million of information. In fact, the human mind registers images better than words or sounds. This concept can be supposen in teaching grade school students, where images are employ a lot. Also, presenters use a lot of pictures in their slides to illustrate points and mark their theses.Ultimately, photographs are tools used not tho to capture still life images, but also to relay messages and thoughts. Sometimes these informations are vague, and hard to understand. Such as that in rise paintings, where different observers and art critics can have varying interpretations, each having perfect sense. But there are images that h ave straightforward notes, photographs that have only maven perfect meaning and description. These clear cut photographs were used by Nick Kristof in one of his works.These were just a few taken from an archive of photographs on the genocide in Darfur (Kristof, 2005). He posted these on a website, available to the masses, with some paragraphs of his own editorial. By doing so, his article gained a huge advantage over other essays found regarding the same topic. This is due to the attention catching theme of the photographs. Kristof posted pictures of dead humans, killed in bizarre and rattling disturbing ways. An onlooker would outright notice the article as something unusual, something catchy and probably worth their time.But the real essence of these photographs was their ability to portray several principles and concepts near the genocide misadventure in Darfur. First it gives an idea of who are killed. Of course, the editorial gives us information about it. The author wrot e all about the Arabs driving out the Africans (Kristof, 2005). But by the pictures themselves, one can decipher that fact without prior knowledge of the genocide the four photos show four corpses of Africans. These images are powerful enough to stir a lookers consciousness towards these Africans.Another is the idea of mercilessly killing anybody. The first picture greatly stresses this point. In this image one can see a young boy, lying dead and facing the ground. From his small body one can estimate his age to be no higher than about 4 years old. At a very young age, he was attacked, as the editorial notes, together with his brother and mother. He was still wearing his topographic point clothes, and even had a pair of shoes on his feet when he was killed. This represents one of the many child killings that happened during the genocide.There was no space to spare anyone, and every African was subjected to death. The photographs also show the mutilations and tortures the victims e ndure before finally being put down. On one image, a skeleton lies with the hands tied together with knickers pulled down up to the knees. This suggests the possibility of sexual torture before killing the victim (Kristof, 2005). This image in particular tends to stick out because of the skeleton corpse. This shows the pretermit of proper burial, and that the dead bodies of the Africans are just left to rot and decompose on the hot sand.These pictures do tell their own story. As a depicted object of fact, I think the four images are enough to portray the misery and darkness in Darfur. By themselves, a lot of information can be taken about the mistreatment and inhuman actions of the Sudan government towards the Africans. The authors action in accompanying his editorial with these photographs took his subject a level higher. Not only did the pictures catch all important attention, they also created a kind of tension that tends to spark feelings on observers.These visual evidences o n the genocide in Darfur are very strong and more effective compared to voices and texts describing it. By placing photographs, the author created a face-to-face frame, where the audiences are faced with the dark truth and evidence about the slaughter.ReferencesKristof, N. D. (2005). The secret genocide archive. The New York Times website. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http//www. nytimes. com/2005/02/23/opinion/23kristof. html? _r=2oref=sloginoref=slogin

Malaysian Film Industry Construct Malaysian Identity Cultural Studies Essay

Malayananansian bourgeon Industry Construct Malaysian individuality operator Cultural Studies EssayMalaysia is a Multiple ethic country, plainly the interesting situation is , the race that dominant the country be altogether imigrant, the Malay was stick from the Javanese. The Chinese is come from China and Indian people come from India. further nowadays they all citizen of the country, with these alieness hi stratum, how should Malaysian define their home(a) identity?We keep up average celebrated the 25th anniversary of our emancipation. During this quarter ccentury we have reached a level of achievement which we sack up be proud of. We have succeeded in laying a material foundation for the evolvement o f One citizenry, One language and One culture. It is on this foundation that we build a greater Malaysia.(Malaysia Crisis of Identity p8)What Malaysia demand are moderates of ends and non moderates of means who are eventually wMalaysia, an Indian Malaysia, a M alay Malaysia but a Malaysian Malaysia where the different races, languages, pietys and cultures finish flourish in Malaysia.(p3)The world-class quote was adderssed by the BN Gorvenment after they win the election in 1982, at that days the gorvernment suggested the need of Assimilation A + B + C = A, where A, B, and C represent different social groups and A represents the dominant group. The subordination of minority cultures into a dominant culture.This approach may be likned to what some have grouseed forced assimilation ((Alison Gibson. 1984. p 105) (National culture and democracy , Kua kia soon, p133) . The endorse quote was the respond from the people, espeacially the Chinese which represent the idea of Pluralism A + B + C = A + B + C, where A, B, and C represent different social groups that over time brinytain their unique identities. Cultural pluralism is fre-quently seen as a peaceful coexistence mingled with groups. All cultures are to be allowed to exist separatel y and equally, harmonious or non. The harmonious version has been termedunity in diversity. (Alison Gibson. 1984. p 105) (National culture and democracy , Kua kia soon, p133). You displace witness when this two idea bump together, how much chaos it will make. The Malaysian have stay in this juncture for over 50 years, it is necessary to identify briefly the advocacy of various positions on National identity. First, i will discuss rough what is National Identity, And wherefore i will explore how the Malaysias charter perseverance construt the image of Malaysians National Identity, And how the image change through the decade.What is National Identity.National identity is a complex idea,National identity erase difference by luxurious a set of attributes on all menbers of the nation and unwilling ness to accept all these attributes threatens identity and therefore threatens expulsion from that community.(p62)The idea of erase all the difference doesnt mean to erase different culture, but erase any other identity that create by any individual group in the country be go these are a reason that will cause expulsion . National identity is one idea that can accept by all the individual group, and gather them in to one voice.National identity is only one of the many social identities available for citizens of multicultural countries such as Malaysia.National identity has a central role in promoting peaceful heathenish analogys. (Malini ratnasigam, p3)In the book Ethnic congeneric and Nation Building Malini Ratnasingam claim that the national identity is the best form of identity should adapt by the Malaysian, beacause the other social identity content too much category that will tear the Malaysian into many individual pieces, but national identity will work well for the Malaysian, Because nation are crossed by those differences , a force of unite, a sense of be yening and nationess.So now we understand what is national identity. But now the query is who should decide what is our identity? At the begining of this dissertation, there are the arguement to the highest degree chosing which idea shall we adapt, Assimilation or Pluralism?The nation is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, notwithstanding in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. (Benedict Anderson, p60)From the quote Benedict Anderson belieave that the nation is about all the member, even the smallest nation. National identity is a image that can imagined by every(prenominal) single nation. But In the book Cultural Contestatation author Zawahi Ibrahim disagree with andersons concept and suggested that the identity formation takes place within what he would call a two social man which are authority-defined social reality, one which is authoritatively defined by people who are part of the dominant power structure. The second is everyday-defined social reality , one which is experienced by people in the course of thier everday life. These two social realities exist side by side at any given time. (Zawahi Ibrahim, 1998 ,pg18) The identity is a negotiation between these two social reality.How Malaysia take up Indutry construt Malaysians National identityThe Malaysian get indutry was founded on Chinese money,Indian imagination and Malay labour(Hamzah hussin,1994 ,p105)Although outside the screen, there are wonderful mullti cross social relation on the de livestockation production, but almost all the ikon are Malay movies. The only thing that unfeignedly can consider as multi racial is the Old malay movie industry have strong influnce from indian bollywood style beacuse of the director, but very less of them had really mention about the multi ethnicity or religious relation.I chose to call this book 120 malay movie, because more than half of the movies were made in the beginning Malaysia was even created.(Plus they were made in Singapore ) So what they have common were the languague and ethnic milieu they showcased. (120Malay movie , p26)The autor of 120 Malay Movie clearly state that the early film industry in Malaysia hypocrisy even consider Malaysias movie, It is only presented the early life of Malay in Malaysia, it maybe a very well materials for the Malaysias Malay identity, but obviously not suite the idea of National identity.But now it raise a question ,if the national indentity include everything, dont the Malay culture as well as part of the national identity? Yes, but now we talking about how the film industry help construt the national identity, at the old time, the Malay film are totally dominanted the film industry, which give an idea of the impression of the nation have own by Malay, In the film Tajul Ashikin (see figure 1) there was a scene where two men try to peddle thier wares, but thier voices are drowned out by a newly arrived Chinese team that is twistinging dental services.This shows the M alay fear of being displaced in their own land by new arrivals who seem to be much better at buiness. (p25,120Malay Movie)Figure 1 Tajul Ashikin by M AminBut at that time, the stark economic disparity between Malay peasants and Chinese merchants didnt seem to have undue debonairal repercussions because the populationwas sparse and times were good (120 Malay p269). So the movie show the worry of the Malay reign instead of promoting peaceful ethnic relations. With this idea, it help to destroy the national identity instead of construt it.But still there is some exception.There is still some other racial tension pop up in these movie. On the film Mahsuri which release in 1959 (see fiugre 2), there was a part about a uncouth indian teasing by the Malays about his skin colour. (p165) The plot is meant to be funny, in fact, it was directed by an Indian. Ethnic conflict often appear in Malaysian daily life, we can not avoid it, but we can face it with great attitude. This plot showed a n attitude to face the difference between every ethnic, expert laugh at it.Figure 2 Mahsuri by BM RaoThe next film that have the multi ethnicity it is Ali Baba Pucang Lapok directed by Malaysian silver-screen legend P. Ramlee at 1960, P.Ramlee are one of the minority inside that can create the sense of Malaysianness in the movie in the decade. The movie itself are deliberate mish-mash of culture, inside the movie you can see different kind of culture image. But the most surprise scene will be when the Chinese trader being asked how long he have lived in the area, he answer that he have lived here for 80years, he not only counted his own 50 years age, but add up his father.(see figure 3)Figure 3 The Chinese trader said that his father lived there 30 years before he borned.This blurs the line between immigrant and native and it is precisely this blurring that must continue untill all Malaysian feel they have the same stake in the nation. (p26, 120 Malay Movie)It is scarcely seen a movie have such multi culture in Malay old film. The national identity is to create a sense of nation, it only can be done when the have the idea that the land doesnt owned by anyone, but they were all born equal in this place. This movie prosperingly pass the message. and helped construct the sense of nation, althought it is only one short scene, but it is still a big step for the Malaysias industry at the decade.Another film also directed by P.Ramlee Sesudah Sebuh (see figure 4), The most multi cultural cast we have ever seen. said the Author of 120 Malay Movie Amir Muhammad. The chief(prenominal) cast include the 3 main race of Malaysian, Melayu, Cina and indian. And a conversation in the movie, create am ideal racial integration, In a bookstore by a customer to the owner Even though youre Malay and im Chinese, we are both Malaysians. And Malaysians have a duty to help each other. The estimation cant be more clear, its simple and directly pointing the ideal without any deco ration.Figure 4- Sesudah Sebuh directed by P.RamleeAlthough there are some more film that really promotiong the ideal natiaonal identity for Malaysian, but these number are still only a drop in the bucket. There are still ml a part to fill the whole bucket. But atleast we can see the root of the idea of national identity growing inside.When it come to 1970s, the idea of multic ethic face a challenge. The 513 incident had drag the ethic relation into crisis situation. The racial riots led to a declaration of a state of national emergency. The riot enkindled the capital Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding area of Selangor, Malay mobs, wearing white headbands signifying an alliance with death, and brandishing swords and daggers, surged into Chinese areas in the capital, burning, looting and killing. In retaliation, Chinese, sometimes aided by Indians, build up themselves with pistols and shotguns and struck at Malay kampongs (villages). Huge pillars of smoke rose skyward as houses, sho ps and autos burned.( http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html)Tunku Abdul Rahmans multiracial style of government was supremacyful until serious and widespread anti-Chinese riots broke out in May 1969. These riots followed a fall in support for the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) in the national election and were indicative of Malay resentment of the economic success of the Chinese business community. (http//www.city.com.my/malaysia-hi humbug.htm)After the incident, the gorvernment came up a serial of policy that surpress the other ethnic, in order to restructure Malaysian society.The UMNO-dominated states aggressive attempt to conflate the nations linguistic identity with Malays status as the sole nationaal and official language threatened the constitutionally sanctioned freeedom to use thier mother tongue.(Milthiethnic, pg220)The pro-Malay policy. The most significant result of the events of May 1969 was an attempt, announced in the five-year pl an (1971-75), to restructure Malaysian society. The aim was to raise the component of ethnic-Malay-owned businesses from 4% to 30% by 1990, and to extend the use of pro-Malay (bumiputra) affirmative-action quota systems for university entrance and company employment. Economic expansion, it was hoped, would greatly ease this redistributive process and at the same time offer the opportunity to eliminate poverty among all Malaysians. (http//www.city.com.my/malaysia-hi apologue.htm)The National Cultural indemnity(NCP) was formulated at a congress held at the University of Malaya in August 1971, and the announced Policy consisted of three main principles.The national culture of Malaysia must be based on the cultures of the people indigenous to the regionElements from other cultures,which are suitable and tenable may be incorporated into the natioonal culture andIslam will be an important element in the national culture. (Mohad Talib Osman, pg95 )All of these policy indirectly influenc e the relation between ethnic, all the unequal act make the ethnic hatred grown day by day. Causing the idea of national identity cancel changging. The change of the society have brought into the film industry , the multi ethnic that rarely seen from the film before 1970s completely obliterate after these policy untill juvenile years. Before then we have Malay culture dominant film industry.The segregate can also see from the statistics that correlate cinema atendance by ethnic groupwith the national or language origin of the film being viewed. (see figure 5) languageEthinicMalayChineseIndian/OtherMalay23%0%1%Chinese7%81%0%Indian34%1%83%English35%18%16%Figure 5 Language distribution of cinema attendance by ethinic group (1979)The quetion of the cultural identity of Malaysian film is a constant issue, even for the least culturally given(p) film producer, since it is related to the need to attract a broad-spectrum audience.It is still the case that more than 90% of audience for M alaysian films is Malay (Malaysia Cinema Asian film, pg154)From the statistic we can see that Bahasa Melayu cinema is a weak cultural force, despite the Malays being the most powerful political force in the counry. At that time, The chinese ordinarily watch the Hongkong or Taiwanese films or the second choice will be the English Language film, but not Bahasa Malayu film. The same situation dislodge with the Indian autience.cinema is probably the most raciallly segregated activity in the country today(Mansor bin Puteh, 1990, pg154)On top we discuss about crisis of ethnic realation that cause restrict the multi ethnic movie culture. In 1981, the idea of Malay sovereignty that set by the gorvernment go bad to invade the movie industry. National Film schooling Corporation (FINAS) was established in 1981 to encourage the development of the local industry.ensure that a sizeable portion of the total volume of buimess done in the production, distribution and exhibition sectors would b e handled by Malays(Baharudin Latif, 1981, pg150)Control and restrict from the gorvernment have caused the other ethnic have lower chance to make their own movie, and also confine the creativity of theme or topic. All of these restriction had bring the Malaysia film industry far a focus from their Golden age in 1950s -1960s.Film are censored or banned if it oppose government polucy or encourage anti-gorvernment feeling glorify communism and socialism glorify any token race while denigrating others gloriy crime and immorality deal with sadism, cruelty and excessive violence insult public dignity and show behavior not acceptable to Malaysian society (Mohd Hamdan Bin Haji Adnan, 1991)These policy had make the Malaysian confuse and question about thier naional identity, the policy have succesfully incite the desire of Malay that persuit for Malay sovereignty, the other ethnic like chinese and indian felt betray by the country, when there is no nation pride in them, the National ident ity become dominant by the Malay, and become the image that shown by the Movie industry, but it is not the image that the nation share along, from (figure 5) we can see the local Malay film have not accepted by the other ethnic. so it is not a National identity of that decade, the film on that decade have lose the concept of being a National cinema.The cinema is then a mean of babbleing the nation in all its constructed uniqueness. The connection between speaking the nation and selling the nation become all the more invitable when the rhetoric of both nationlism and marketing emphasize qualities of uniqueness, specialty and patriotism. The term representing the nation there fore accuires and ecmonomic as well as an analytical and cultural objective it is not just how a cinema represents the nation, but also how successfully it does so. (Malaysia Cinema , pg 107)New Malaysian FilmThe decade of Malaysian film might look like a decade that have controled by Malay, and their the rela tion with other ethnic race doesnt seem well. Althought the realation between the different ethnic group are peaceful in decade before 1960s, but the policy in 1970s created an long fight between ethnic group.Race has incessantly been an issue in my country, even before independence but never has it been as serious and divisive as it is today.Almost every issue is seen from the perspectivve of race to the point where it is impossible to obtain a consensus of public intellection on any issue(Kee Thuan Che,1993,p57)But where there is pressure, where there is resistance. The serious situation also created a trend, Never has it been as desire as today, people rocking horse for the unity of the Nation. In the book Found in Malaysia have interviewed 54 influential Public figure who have different race, religion, culture, gender, sexual,genarational and political. But when it come to the question Describe what kind of Malaysia you whould like for yourself and future generation? They all gave a same answer in many different way, but in the end, the main idea is the same.All of us regardless of racial/ethnic, regious, class and linguistic standgrounds, share one thing in common we are all Malaysian citizens and we call this country our home and care for its future. We dream of future Malaysia that is equal to all, but takes into acount ourparticular wants, needs and aspirations and at the same time, is able to cater to the needs of others jibe to an inclusive logic of equal representation and equal make up.(Azizi Khan, 2004, pg475)The idea become a trend, and start to appear in the recent ten years. Beacuse the inrternet have start to cover all the new genaration daily life. Internet is one of the most powerful sources in human history, the information can share in speedy speed, milllion of personal narratives or popular forms of expression which help construt the everyday-defined social reality was shared everyday. Causing the Balance between the authority-defi ned social reality and everyday-defined social reality started to change. So we will start from Malaysia Independence Film Industry, which have well used the internet as a state for them to spread thier idea and story . The first example for indipendence film is the Project 15 Malaysia .15Malaysia is a short film project. It consists of 15 short films made by 15 Malaysian filmmakers. These films not only deal with socio-political issues in Malaysia, they also feature some of the best-known faces in the country, including actors, musicians and top political leaders. You may think of them as funky petty films made by 15 Malaysian voices for the people of Malaysia. ( http//15malaysia.com/)From the project name we can know that this film is dedicate to show 15 kind of story that happened in Malaysia. I going to take a few of them into discusstion. First i will start with the personal narrative story. House is a story about an indian family forced by the capitalist to give up their hous e for development, and also show the feeling of the indian kid(Rama) toward the house is more then a house, but a family.(see figure 6) The story attempt to explore the story inside the slums usually the indian race who have many family patronage with these problem in order to let the audience understand the country more.Figure 6 Rama express his feeling about the house.We will strat from Yasmin Ahmadm (see figure 6), Malaysias renowned film director, writter and scriptwriter, in Malaysia, most of the ethnic used to avoid each other but inevitably bump together, no one can avoid, because this is just what live in Malaysia are look like, And most of her film are challenging the issue when different ethnic bump together, she narrate the spark of the moment and turn in into a moving picture. When most of the popular cultures movie deliberately avoid the ethnic conflict, her films break the boundary between ethnic and religion. She think on emotion and the relationship between peop le, narate and present the story in a human perspective, not in Malay, Chinese or Indian, but back to the origin human emotion. It makes the audience to rethink about politic, religion and social issues in indirectly ways. The more we understand each other, the less we affraid.She is an ambassador of unity. An individual with amazing foresight who work has bridged all the races in the country. Great loss to the nation and the creative world.( Chandran Ravi. http//entertainment.malaysia.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=5080081page=13)Figure 6 Yasmin AhmadYasmin Ahmad first movie Sepet(see figure 7) is a story about a Chinese boy fall in love with a Malay girl. This might look normal in outside country, but the relation between Chinese and Malay is not simple.Figure 7 SepetThe relation between Chinese and Malay always been complicate, that hatred between both of this race happen before incident 513, when in World war 2, the Japan invade and ruled this country for over 3 ye ars. on that period, the Japanese surpress the Chinese but treated the Malay friendly and even form a Malay army to defence againts the communist, but who is communist? At that time many Chinese were the communist, the root of hate were start from here, and Malays fear of get replace by the Chinese in the econimic, then is the 513 incident, the unequal policy, Chinese fear of forced to join muslim if married a muslim and etc.All of these caused the relation between this two race are always controvertial. In the movie Sepet that is a scene the Protagonists(Jason) friend try to persuade Jason the relation between him and Heroine(Orked) is forbiden. Which clearly potrait the mind set of Chinese about the relationship of the interacial couple. (See figure 8 ).Figure 8 Keong (left) advices Jason not to get involved in relationship with Malay girls.Yasmin Ahmad used the usageal perception of Malaysians and confronted it in her movie. It cant be denied that she used a very creative way t o show the relationship between history culture and innocent love.Malay films seldom touch perception on taboo topics like alcohol, dog, prostitution, suicide, etc. Many of the Malay films only showed the good side. Much of the time, they are hindered by those issues. But Yasmin Ahmad used reverse psychology to bring out the negative issues, because there are many grey areas to investigate in Malaysian culture. The following are some of the taboos in Malay tradition that is shown in the movie Muallaf (2007). A Muslim woman who despaired on her marriage ended up taking her own life by suicide. one-year-old Malays play and get drunk in a snooker room. An Islam teacher touched a dog on his way to mosque. A sincere Malay Muslim girl works in a pub at night. These issues are a challenge to the traditional Malay society.However, the tasks that she undertakes must be legitimate from the point of view of Islam. She must not work as a dancer, a model, a barmaid, a waitress, a film actres s, a musician, or a prostitute to sell her femininity in order to make money, even with the consent of her husband. (A. Rahman I. Doi, 1990147).Yasmin Ahmads movies use the sensitive issues faced by Malays as a discussion. lecture about sensitive issues is very challenging, especially on ethnicity. But it depends on how the director presented it. How much can the audience accept it, based on the issues?Yasmin Ahmand film has a power of introspection, Yasmin Ahmad film dig into the confilct between ethnic group instead of try to avoild these sensitive issue like other, Yasmin Ahmad bring the conflict right into audience eye without beautify it, only with the simplest emotion of human being, a way that lead us to undestand empathy. Only when Malaysian strong enough to really face themselves, then we can form our Identity Honestly.The next case will be opposite of Yasmin Ahmad film.Yasmin Ahmad film represent the reality side of ethnic conflict, now we are going to see the Malaysian u topia. Nasi Lemak 2.0(see figure 9) is directed by a controversial public figure Namewee, who have temper the national anthem and content with rasict, critic to gorvenment and religion in 2007. The song Negarakuku drag the attention of public, Public reaction towards the song is split, Immediate reactions in the form of YouTube comments wave from being critical, in fair agreement, support, attacks and threats towards Wee. He became One of the most haterd public figure by the Malay ethnic at that time.Figure 8 Nasi Lemak 2.0Nasi Lemak2.0 is the first Malaysian film that did not target one of the three population groups as its audience. And succesfully hit 7million ringgit gross. The movie is have many plot that content the relation between the different ethnic for example the bright non-Muslim students unable to enroll into universities, authorities bias in favour of Malays, Chinese educated citizens speak shortsighted English, immigrants issues, Hang Tuahs unsolved identity myst ery, English educated Chinese lack of confidence in speaking Chinese language, Kuala Lumpur a busy and unsettling city, some non-Chinese could speak better Chinese, mix of Indian and chinese song, and culture of Baba and Nyonya.Different with Yasmin Ahmad film, althought in Nasi Lemak2.0 there is still some ethnic conflict, but most of the time, it show a utopia of how Malaysia ethnic group interact with each other, and create a whole new kind of culture. The song Curry Neh (see figure 9 ) in the movie, fuse the chinese and indian culture, There is more example like, the Malay chef teaching chinese matial art Taichi at the park (see figure 10) or the chinese tradition song sing with english lyric(figure 11). Attempt to question why cant a specific ethnic learn the culture of other ethnic.Figure 9 Curry NehFigure 10 Malay teaching TaichiFigure 11 Tradition Chinese song sing with English LyricThe film was success because the intereact of different ethnic causing resonance among th e Malaysian, the way of acting and some humour about the Malaysias gorvernment or stereotyping of ethnic is what Malaysia face in daily life.The second film of Namewee is Hantu gangster (see figure 12). The film continue the style of Nasi Lemak 2.0. Hantu gangster attempt to send the message of Nation unity before 1970s, and question about why todays ethnic relation become worst. The film style is same with Nasi Lemak2.0 The idea is the same but only the story had change, there are many ethnic intereact like Chinese only understand Malay when it speak in chinese accent, a Taoist priest that know different religion style of exorcism, a parody of the 513 incident, and a Indian Party song with Malay, Mandarin, Hokkien, Tamil lyric, etc. These ethnic mixture is what Malaysian Interested, although reality might not be the same, but from the sucess of these film we can see the future that Malaysian persuit, the future that Malaysian image.Figure 12 Hantu Gangster 2012ConclusionMalaysia i s a youth country, there is many thing we have to experience to understand what are we today, what will be out future. Today Malaysia is in a turning point, where the politic have a new Atmosphere which will directly influence the authority-definedsocial reality. And the development of internet, liberty of speech help people to understand their capability, have the way to stand up and express thier emotion and their story, i believe in the future, when the authority-defined and the everyday-defined have found a way to line up, Malaysian will no longer quetion their identiry.Referenceshttp//www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Anderson.html (benicdic anderson)

Quality Management In Hospitality Organisation Mcdonalds Management Essay

Quality Management In Hospitality Organisation Mcdonalds Management EssayThe bugger off of written material this report is to critically appreciate what is McDonalds approach to feeling management from Customer, Franchise and Employees perspectives. Furthermore to explain how they manage assistance reco really, measure delivery and standards through and through CSO index and Crew development programme . Also to identify 3 gaps in service quality with recommendations on how they bridge it. The other aim of writing this report is to apply the Jurans theory of service quality to McDonalds.TASK1.Definition of QualityFeigenbaum has defined Quality as The summarise composite ingathering and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, fable and principal(prenominal)tenance through which the product and service in use give meet the put upation by the customer. (Oakland .J.S, 2005)According to Philip B Crosby Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, non as goodne ss or elegance.(Oakland, J. S.)Three stake holders of McDonaldsFranchiseEmployeesCustomerFranchiseFranchise strategy is the back bone of McDonalds success. In other words many reasons that McDonalds has been able to expand so quickly and achieve its reputation brand recognition has been its effective franchising business model chuck up the sponge the confederation to expand quickly both domestically and internationally. Franchise systems having uniform operation has made the McDonalds eating place one most standardized in the world. non hardly do all McDonalds sick to offer the same products offering, they intend to offer same regimen experience for all of its customers. No matter what go of the world you atomic number 18 in.McDonalds franchise net flirt is the worlds heading troubled food for thought chain with more than 30,000 restaurants serving 52 million people in 119 countries with 1020 restaurants in the U.K of those stores, More than 70% percent of restaurants at omic number 18 franchise.Franchise rent live up the companies expectation and brand standards by providing good quality service, quality food, despoil restaurants and happy customers are all very heavy to McDonalds.How franchise has to live up with brand standard in the following qualityareasHygiene fare synthetic rubber policyHealth and gum elastic Policy.Hygiene- McDonalds been king in fast industry it has take special care of food and hygiene. Management has to be very relent slight on hygiene because it has to divine service millions of customers. McDonalds name highest obligation to our customers to ensure that they are not expose to any risk of infection or illness. It is must to very employees to wash their hands before you commence work, on return from a repast break, after using the toilet, after carrying out idleing work, after pitiable face or hair, trash walk, taking delivery or other activities where they may become dirty ( remember you discountnot ceaselessl y see dirt).As well as this, hand should be wash should be washed each arcminute or every half if working in the grill area. glove are available in restaurant for use whilst performing cleaning tasks.Sickness reporting policy- All food handlers retain a responsibility to our employees and customer not to work if they are suffering from food poisoning, or suffering from the symptom of food poising i.e. vomiting or diarrhoea. If you are suffering from these symptom employees will not be allow to work again until no symptom for 48hr period. Failure to report such conditional is an offence under the food in force(p)ty regulations and may lead to prosecution as well as being classes as an example of gross misconduct. Hygiene and safety department is available in restaurant.Food safety policy- McDonalds operating procedures are specifically to ensure high quality safe food.These procedures must be adhered to at all cartridge clip, in particularFood must not used if it is past its use by or top hat before date.Food must not be serving if the holding cartridge holder has expired.The correct equipment and utensil must unceasingly be used for for each one task.Food equipment, utensils and preparation area must be kept clean using Clean As You go (CAYG) procedures.and finally, if something is not right e.g freezer is too warm or piece of equipment is faulty , it should be report the manger immediately. Food should be always look carefully while preparing to serve, if it is not right it should not be serve and should be report to managers.Health condom PolicyThe Franchisee is committed to minimising the risk of damage, ill-health and injury to employees, customer and visitor. This will be achieve by examining our operation and ensuring all necessary system are in place, and resource available , to provide a safe and health work system are in place, we must all work together to identify risky and take action to eliminate them .As with other aspect of our busines s we shall be seeking to continually improve our performance. This will sham measuring against standard and reviewing progress on regular basis.Customer expectations and perceptionsMcDonalds Im loving it.McDonalds Promises- Whenever you come back of fast food, First thing in mind comes is McDonalds. People expect high standards from McDonalds. Every single product use to commit a burger to full meal comes best quality standard. Whenever person order a meal in McDonalds he expect good and quick service with hot food. Food will be hygienic nicely dress and safe to eat. From burger, heat, salad, low temperature drinks to hot drink every product will be fresh. Employee taking order will always greet u and will be always friendly. Customers enjoy every bit meals in our restaurant. I m loving it will be on very customer mind when ever their think about McDonalds.Importantly, employees need to know exactly what customers, both internal and external, expect of them. dialogue should b e as detailed and specific as possible, since employees in each work group want feedback they hindquarters act upon to improve performance in each job. General feedback from customers (e.g. they want no faults or no errors) is less useful.McDonalds has recognised that complaints, enquiries or positive feedback from customers are important pieces of information. When used properly complaints bottom of the inning armed service us fine-tune our business and meet our customers requirement. It is these insights that help the play along to keep moving forward.EmployeesBarriers to quality for employees-High prod turnover. reckon pressure.Training and development.Labour turn over in McDonaldsMcDonalds is considered as very high labour turn over company. Main reason behind it is that it has about 70% of staff as part timers employees. Staffs are schedule according to vigorous time especially on Friday, Saturdays and Sundays. Employer takes full advantage of school-age childs who are working part time. Student does have any other chose rather work part time according to schedule. Most of students are not satisfied with job so their move on to another job if there gets one. Visa and end of student course is likewise big issue behind high labour turn over, because when ever international students finish with his course has to move on to their country.Work pressure-Working in McDonalds is high pressure job especially peak time during breakfast and lunch time. It is busiest place to work in fast food industry. we receive all age customers, not only in restaurant hardly drive thur as well. Employees have focus on delivering corking level of QSCV is the best way to achieve 100% customer satisfaction- Quality, Service, Cleanness, Value.High labour turns over leads to work pressure because employers have deal with practically of new staff and on job teach. This leads confusion mingled with front and kitchen staff. Front staff doesnt receive food at right time from the kitchen which can leads to bad service. Management has to deal with less staff on floor which increases work pressure per staff. Staff also have work long shifts to gourmandize up gap mingled with staff.Training and developmentOnce Crew Members have been recruited, they have to attend a welcome impact at their elect restaurant or recruitment centre. This meeting will last an hour and is designed to engage and inform new starters. It involves viewing a DVD which gives important information about the company, and also allows for manager/new starter interaction. The second part of the orientation is a compulsory online Health Safety and Food Safety exam that the new starter completes in their own time. The first shift begins with a tour of the store highlighting key Health Safety and Food Safety procedures. It is recommended that this should last for the first two hours of the shift.Staffs recruited have to exam of station where there be working at for example Front, kitchen or back fashion person. There is also on job training to guide the new staff with floor manager.TASK 1 (II)Customer Satisfaction Opportunity office (CSO) in McDonalds.What is customer satisfaction opportunity index (CSO) ?Whenever customers choose McDonalds they expect hot fresh food served accurately and quickly in clean restaurant by crew/ managers that are friendly and attentive to their involve. Our customers are telling us in loud and clear words that when they visit McDonalds they expect us to deliver on all of the element of Quality, Service and Cleanliness (QSC).Through analysis from both internal and external data it has been identified that there are quintet critical QSC drivers of customer satisfaction. There are things customers want to see us deliver on every visit.Quality- hot, fresh and safe to eat productsFast/quick- total experience time under 5minutesAccurate- receive everything ordered including condimentsFriendly- friendly and attentive service with effecti ve communicationClean- dining area well maintained, clean toilets and employees.To evaluate how McDonalds restaurant are meeting these critical drivers company had created the CSO index. The CSO is the percentage of visits that miss one or more of the critical drivers of customers satisfaction. This act as a barometer on how well restaurant is meeting the customers expectations when they visit restaurant. Understanding this gives balance into how rate our own performance on measures that are important to us as a company and how are rated directly from the customer.CSO is calculated based on the number of mystery shop visits that miss a critical driver question. If one or more critical drivers are missed , the mystery shop visit is only counted once. for example If 100 mystery shop visited are conducted and 40 of them have one or more crictical drivers missed the CSO will be 40%.The goal is to decrease the number the number of visit that are missing a critical driver. Lower CSO % bet ter performance.Ref- www.mcdoanld.ac.ukMystery shopperMystery guest visits mcdoanlds restaurant twice a month to check CSO point. Mystery guest results is not only is good for franchisee to gain advantage over other restaurant to achieve or to expand company by adding other restaurant. Good result can also result in into bonuses for managers.Key points Mystery guest looks into when visits the restaurant.Greeting/farewell He checks if employees or mangers he talk to were polite and friendly or not?Attentiveness he checks if employees/ mangers came in contact were attentive to customer or not.Effective communication- he checks communication with crew member was clear and soft understood.Service timing- food should be serving in within 5min of the order.Accurate food and drink- Correct order should be taken. Food and drink should be serve with correct sauces.Correct condiments- Have employees provide the customers the proper napkins and straws/ stirrers?Hot fresh sandwiches- Was mel serve hot and fresh and did it taste good.hot and salted fries- were the French fries serve hot ,salted and crisp or your potato product hot and crisp and did they taste good?Clean restaurant interior- was the inside of the restaurant clean?Crew Development ProgrammeInitial Training- When crew is recruited he trained on following standards to achieve the first star. Crew has to clear the written test to order to achieve the first star.Cleanliness foundation.hygiene Food safetyHealth safetyCleanlinesssecurityhospitality2nd stage .Quality trainingIn quality training crew is trained on following food standards, which can be on job training as well training in class during the quality class. Crew have to clear this stage to clear to achieve 2nd star.Buns dressingsgrilled productfried productprepping productstoasted Deli sandwichesstage 3rdService classesEmployees have to attend service class ones a month to improve standard of service quality regarding beverage serving, food servin g and hospitality in order achieve the 3rd star.On passing the test crew is award with star which is boasting the badge, which show performance the crew.TASK1(III)Service quality gap infract 1.When promises do not match actual deliveryDay starts very early in McDonalds Denham. Been drive thur restaurant we start serving breakfast at 7 a.m, We receive lots of car in drive thur early morning as everyone is rushing to offices or work. Customer expect quick service with hot and hygiene food because McDonalds is famous for its good service. Problem starts when morning shift staff dont turn up on time. Management have to manage with less staff. Ones order is taken in front kitchen staff have to deliver food within 3min which is according to McDonalds service standard. If front staff are not able to serve order with in 3min, customer are advise to sit and have to the car the park if in drive thur and have wait for there food, It can happen at times that order can be missed out and custom er will be waiting for more time which can lead to bad service.Change over problems- Denham McDonald serves breakfast from 7am to 1030 am but change over from breakfast to main menu start at 1015 just 15min before main menu. Staff have 15min to organise the restaurant for main menu. kitchen staff have to work really quick to arrange the grills, 3 of out 4 grills are close for cleaning process. During the busy time restaurant have management from one grill. So some time it is not possible to provide food which is required. Customers have to suffer due to change over. Customer expects best service from McDonalds but some time it doesnt happen. McDonald cannot compromise with food safe and hygiene standard.Gap 2.The difference between customer perception and expectationMcDonalds is well know not only for excellent service in restaurant but also for drive thur. Customer travelling in car dont have to get down park the car have their meal. McDonald have made it possible by drive thur. No w without taken long break one can have meal in car within 3min of order. And McDonalds have live up to customer expectation by quick service. People do take away food for home. McDonalds do serve fresh and hot food every time but by the time that food reach its destination it become cold. McDonald should provide containers in which food can be stay warm. We do receive complains of food not been warm after some time, we cannot spoil mood of customers so we have to provide fresh food when complained.Gap 3.Communication gapOne can expect friendly and quick service from McDonalds. Its is important that employees have good communication within to provide quality service and requirement of customers. Customer are attracted to different kind McDonalds menu. To be different from its competitor McDonald try different food and make changes every 1.5 month for the promotions, but customers have their choices what there want we have made it within service time.For example- Customer orders Big Mc without sauce or cheese we have to make the special order to make our customer happy. McDonalds understands problems of customer as some customer may problem with some of the ingredients so we have make specially them to make them happy. Communication between front staff and kitchen is necessary to full fill the requirement. Before it was difficult provide especial order at right time in drive thur we had to park the car for especial order. Providing order within service is only if there is good communication between drive thur staff and kitchen in busy times. McDonalds have come up with latest technology by providing micro fone or heads sit. Now kitchen staff have especial device in there ear so there can hear every orders and be ready before time. McDonalds is bridging gap between communications.Task 2.Quality GurusJoseph M. JuranJoseph M. Juran made many contributions to the field of quality management in his 70+ active working years. His book, theQuality Control Handbook, is a spotless reference for quality engineers. He revolutionized the Japanese philosophy on quality management and in no small way worked to help shape their economy into the industrial leader it is today. Dr. Juran was the first to incorporate the human aspect of quality management which is referred to as Total Quality Management.The process of developing ideas was a dawdling one for Dr. Juran. Top management involvement, the Pareto principle, the need for widespread training in quality, the definition of quality as fitness for use, the project-by-project approach to quality improvementthese are the ideas for which Juran is best known, and all emerged gradually.Ref- http//www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/juran.aspSimilar Dr W Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran is an international applauded quality guru, strongly influencing Japanese manufacturing practises. His belief that Quality does not happen by virgule gave rise to the quality trilogyQuality planningQuality ControlQuality Improvem entAnd the Key steps in implementing company-wide strategic goals areIdentify customers and their needs both internal and external and work to meet those needsCreate measures of quality, establish optimal quality goals and organise to meet themCreate processes capable of meeting quality goals in real operating conditions.In the 1980s Joseph Juran acknowledged that the common approach to total quality management quality awareness campaigns and slogans was not efficient as they did not have substance, and there is no short cut to quality. He intends quality must at the top, grating senior managers who believe training is for junior workers.Ref- http//www.mftrou.com/joseph-juran.htmlQuality in McDonaldsOur customers are our business. Without them we would have no reason to open our door. Therefore our goal every minute of every hour is to make our customers feel happy who visited McDonalds. We do this by focusing onQUALITY- McDonalds is famous for quality and keep standard high by using the finest ingredients with the help of the biggest asset of the company the employees in preparing and serving the tastiest food by following the procedures which they are taught.SERVICE Service is best you think like a customer. A caring and respectful attitude and a sincere smile do as much to bring the customers back as the best food in the food.CLEANLINESS Our customers expect and deserve a spotless restaurant. But its not only to make a good impression. A clean restaurant is a safe restaurant. Its very employees job to keep the restaurant clean and hygienic.VALUE- What is a value? Its the total experience our customer have it our restaurants, from the food service, to the dinning area environment, to the price they pay. Its what weve always been know.Delivering great level of QSCV is the best way to achieve 100% customer satisfaction.ref- (McDonalds Franchisees Employee Handbook)McDonalds Identify customers and their needs.McDonalds big amount of regular customers in the market. To build long stipulation business it is important to retain people once they have become customers. McDonalds receives different types of customers.Parents with kids Visit McDonalds to give the children a treat.Children Want to visit McDonalds as it a fun place eats.Business customers Visit McDonalds during the day as service is quick, the food tastes great and can be eaten in the without affecting a busy work schedule.Teenagers Are attracted by the saver menu which is affordable and the internet access available in restaurant.(www.mcdonals.co.uk)CONCLUSIONOverall, I would say that a company needs a quality model in order eliminate the defects totally from the organisation. And to find out if the company has any defect either in staff performance, staff productivity, revenue of the organisation, the management needs to carry out different business performance check so that the areas where the improvements are needed can be work it out. In order to improve those are as the organisation has to build up some new plans and policies so that the target can be achieved.

The Abuse Of Native Americans

The Abuse Of indispens equal the StatesnsThe egg white colonizers of the past helped turn the one time crude World into the United States of America, a dominating world power that prides itself on being a fair, non-discrimatory and liberal country. What has been long forgotten is how they made their progress, that is, the destruction, throe, and unfair treatment of the first inhabitants of America, and how these masses are treated to this day.Early ColonizationThe settlement of the Americas is dated tout ensemble the way back to the 11th century when the Vikings (the Norse) settled in Greenland and innovativefoundland. The contact they had with the indigenous people, the Inuits, was hostile, something that could have been taken as a polarity of forewarning of the later contact between the natives and the European colonizers. These Norse colonies were not long-lived and they eventually disbanded in the 15th century.1In 1492, Columbus headed the expedition to America in the gens of the Spanish. Colonization and exploration grew in truth popular and soon most of the islands in the Caribbean had been colonized.2By 1494, the Spanish and Portuguese had made the treaty of Tordesillas which split the New World between themselves. The Portuguese took all of what is now present-day Brazil while the Spanish pushed onward with conquering as more as possible.Spanish ConquistadorsSpanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes, had all overthrown the once very powerful Aztec Empire in Mexico who had thought him to be Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec god who had come to destroy their empire. He slaughtered thousands and people and burn some of the city.3Pizzaro, a second cousin to Cortes, overtook the Incas in Peru, also massacring thousand and ransacking the entire empire. What is astonishing is the pure cruelty of these men in the name of Spain who had been welcomed with open arms.4In an account by Waman Poma, the Incan emperor, Atahualpa, sent gifts to the Spanish. Poma wrote,Th e presents consisted of male servants and sacred virgins. Some of the virgins were also offered to the Spaniards horses, because, seeing them eat maize, the Peruvians took them for a kind of military man being. Until that time, horses were unknown to our people and it seemed advisable to treat them with respect.5Continued ColonizationColonization continued on, with Spanish Florida, the English colonies of Virginia and New England, the French colonies of Acadia and Canada, the Swedish colony of New Sweden, and the Dutch New Netherland. By the 18th century, Denmark-Norway revived their colonies in Greenland and Russia took Alaska.6It is quite obvious that with the onset of so many foreigners, the Europeans, clash was eminent. What wasnt so easily seen was what the Europeans brought with them-disease. Smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria, and morbilli wiped 10 to 20 million of the indigenous population.7Before these plagues, the natives had been used as servants and slaves entirel y once they started dying out, Africans were brought to the Americas to take their place.White Overtaking and Manifest compulsionAs more and more Europeans came to the Americas, the more land they wanted to cultivate and occupy. By the 17th century, for every one Native American, there were three white Europeans.8During the 1800s, John L. OSullivan, the New York pertlyspaper editor used the phrase Manifest Destiny.9He had created a term for a long-held belief that the whites of America had the right to exposit their territory to the West, that it was their duty and was approved by God in every way. People started making advertisements, paintings, and pictures to encourage the magnification.10What all this did was cement the idea of white supremacy over the Native Americas. None of this was a good thing for the Native Americans because now the whites had even more a reason in their minds to continue their expansion and to continue their efforts for civilizing them which meant ma king them live as Whites. This meant they must be Christian, must build homes and practice private property, and educate their children in a way that the dutiful White Christians saw fit.11Indian remotion practice and the Trail of TearsWhat was one of the biggest steps taken to sound Native Americans so the Whites could have all access to the land was the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which was signed by Pre viewnt Andrew Jackson.12Though this act was supposed to be voluntary on the side of the Native Americans, community and tribe leaders were made to feel a great deal of pressure to sign the treaties that would move them from their ancestral homes to the West. This was a very controversial act and many white people were opposed to it because of how unfair it was to the Native Americans.There was definitely greater support of the Indian Removal Act though, especially by the South because they wanted access to lands where different tribes were occupying.13These tribes were called t he Five Civilized Tribes which consisted of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Chickasaw, and the Seminole.14The pressure grew and chiefs finally gave in. First to sign a treaty to move with promise of new land and money was the Choctaws in Mississippi. The treaty the Choctaw chief signed was called the treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and when interviewed by the Arkansas Gazette, he said the removal was a trail of tears and death. Five years after the initial passing of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota.15The removal of the Cherokee, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw was called the Trail of Tears. These tribes were moved to Indian Territory and experienced exposure, disease, and starvation during their journey. 4000 of the 15000 Cherokee that made the journey died on their way to the Indian Territory.16Resistance, Victories and DefeatsThough many Indians cooperated with the American government, some fought back and tried resisting. Indian Wa rs broke out and they did win some, much(prenominal) as the Battle of Little Bighorn. The greatest victory by the Native Americans was when Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader of a multi-tribal group, allied with the British and defeated the White Americans in Detroit St. Claires Defeat.17Although they won sometimes, the Native Americans lost quite a few battles, such as the Creek War, the Sioux Uprising, the Sand Creek Massacre, and Wounded Knee. Times were very hostile and by 1872, the United States government went by a policy that meant the extermination of all Indians unless they moved to taciturnitys so as to be more civilized and become Christianized.18Paul Wellman describes quite accurately in his 1934 book the pure torture and disregard of Native Americans during this timeThe Indian was thought as less than human and worthy only of extermination. We did shoot down defenseless men, and women and children at places like dwell Grant, Sand Creek, and Wounded Knee. We did feed strychn ine to red warriors. We did set whole villages of people out naked to freeze in the iron c over-the-hill of Montana winters. And we did moderate thousands in what amounted to concentration camps.19AmericanizationOnce the federal government had gotten most Native Americans onto reservations, they started the process of Americanizing them. The federal government was able to treat them almost as if the Indians were their wards because, in fact, they were. This was so because in 1871, the Indian Appropriation Act was passed which stated that the government no longer viewed the Indians land as separate countries and their communities as separate nations but that the land would belong to the government and the Native Americans would become wards of the United States government.20This is what the Indian Appropriation Act saidThat hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may foreshorten by treaty Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and approved with any such Indian nation or tribe.21Once this was done, the government passed more laws which constricted the Native Americans even further. These laws forced them to give up their old way of life, such as moving from their traditional places of inhabitation to more Americanized homes. They were also made to change their appearance and their names. Men were often made to blue-pencil their hair and whole communities were made to abandon their old religious practices in favor of Christianity.22Schools were created for the Native American children so as to get them used to their new lives and to also quickly Americanize the youth. They were forced to choose American names and to only speak English, abandoning their native tongue. Doing this to the Native Americans was very da maging to their tribal indistinguishability and also basically stripped them of all they had once known in favor of the strange American way.23The General Allotment Act of 1887 (The Dawes Act)The Dawes Act was enacted in 1887. What this did was it took once tribally-owned land and fractioned it off to the Native Americans. Families received about 80 to 160 acres while un unify adults received about 40 to 80 acres. The rest of the land that had not been allotted was opened to railroad development and settlers not of Native American descent.24The Dawes Act was enacted so as to better dupe the Indians into American society which meant getting them to learn how to farm and eventually support themselves.Though it seemed like this act had good intentions, the biggest reason it was enacted was unspoken, but the most meaning(a) at the time. The dividing of land was to break up the Native Americans sense of culture and unity. Along with this negative aspect was the fact that the land allot ted to them was not commensurate for living off of.25Though this was obvious, in 1906 the Burk Act was passed which meant that all allot tees were deemed competent and capable and could be taxed. If they were determined incompetent by the Secretary of the home(a) the land could be taken away and leased by the federal government. In total, the Dawes Act was manipulated and executed in a way that negatively unnatural the Native Americans, robbing them of their land and resources.26The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 (The Snyder Act)Life was a bit easier for Native Americans if they had status as an American citizen. They could acquire citizenship if a womanhood married a white man, through military service, if they had allotments, or through special treaties.27This was unfair because they had to go through special and unusual processes to even be considered citizens of the county they lived in while any white man had full American citizenship the day they were natural. People real ized this fact and in 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act (also called the Snyder Act) came along. It was proposed by lesson Homer P. Snyder of New York and was signed into enactment by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2.28The biggest reason though for this enactment was to, once again, better assimilate the Native Americans into American society. They had already proven themselves possible good members of society by being part of the military during World War I. This act did not include citizens born before the enactment date but did include all Native Americans that were born after.29Native Americans in WWIIOnce World War II broke out, the Native Americans joined in just as they had during World War I. This earned them more respect than they had had before. Because they had always had the image of the mighty and brave Indian warrior, non-Native Americans often called their Indian comrades chief which could have been seen as a token of respect.30The movement of the Native Americans to go to war was the largest scale exodus since the Indian Removal Act during the 1800s. The war had a huge impact on the Native Americans and their lives back home. Seeing the outside world change their perspective on life. Also, they were able to find well-paying work because of the wartime labor shortages because of the men away at war.31What also brought added respect and boosted the reputations of the Native Americans was that the military used Navajo code talkers to communicate secret training in the Pacific. This code was never decoded by the Japanese.32Further Racism and DiscriminationThough Native Americans had moved further up in status over time, it was not by much, Native Americans were still highly discriminated against and were not seen as equals in American society. Because of this, the American Indian Movement ( grow) was formed and was very much active during the 1960s and 1970s.33They worked to better the quality of Native American life and men and women leaders b ecame powerful in doing so. One leader was a woman named Anna Mae Pictou Aquash. She put her own beliefs and demands for equality before her own safety. Because of this she was often involved in plots which led to her being in and out of jail.One plot, though, led to her being in much more serious trouble then her usual short jail sentence. She had been arrested in South Dakota for being an FBI killer. Two agents had been killed by members of AIM and because Aquash was a prominent leader, it seemed probably by the police for her to be somehow involved and deserved to be under suspicion. She was released on bail. Aquash was caught in Oregon and fled once again, fearing for her own life and safety. Sadly, she was found dead in 1976 on a Lakota ranch. She was not identifiable by police so her hands were cut from her remains to possibly call her.34The death of Aquash made Native Americans even more aware of their status in American society because she had only stood up for her belief s, and she had been killed for it. Her people later found a bullet hole in the back of her head and found it suspicious that the police had cut off her hands to identify the body which they saw as being unnecessary and a sign that they may have been covering up Aquashs murder.35Indian Reservations TodayThough the Indian Reservations were created so long ago, the quality of life has barely changed. It is extremely poor. So poor, in fact, that they are likened to developing countries.3660% of children are born out of trades union and Native Americans are the third highest group in the country for teenage pregnancy. The suicide rate of Native American teenagers is three times that of the rest of America.37 drink is a big problem of reservations. Native Americans are four times more likely to die of alcoholism and 17 times more likely to die in an accident involving alcohol. In addition to this, they are twice as likely to be involved in an arrest concerning alcohol.38One of the smite reservations is the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. It is one of the poorest in the nation. The unemployment rate is 35% to 45% and homelessness is 30%. The average income for those living on this reservation is $6100 a year.39Because of these terrible statistics, the reservations in the nation have the right to run casinos to bring in revenue through attracted tourists. They were given this right in the 1987 case, atomic number 20 v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians. In the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, their right was formally recognized.40ConclusionThe Native Americans of the Americas have been through so much since the colonization that began hundreds of years ago. The treatment of them has been cruel and inhumane in all regards. Luckily, some acts have been taken to fix the problems these people face everyday. Hopefully in the future, they will have a better life for themselves and will experience less racism and poverty. With the help of the rest of American s ociety, this is 100% possible.

Essay --

The term masculinity can be defined as the set of traits or characteristics typically for men. There are arguments to the volume Masculinity. It is independent of the understanding that man is connected to masculinity. Like men can be feminine, women can be masculine. It is the nature of masculinity is what makes someone masculine, not their gender. (Masculinity movie)Masculinity can be divided into degrees of comparison- more masculine or most masculine.Crisis of Male Identity in Father, Son and Holy War, Rustam Barucha in frugal and Political Weekly, Vol. 30, No. 29, July 1, 1995. BIBLIOGRAPHYMan, humankind, masculinity the terms are closely related to each other. Does one become a man or is he natural one? Are men necessarily masculine? Indeed is explained that some men may reject their masculinity on ideological or internal grounds. It is often assumed that homosexuals for example are not men they are feminine. Yet gay and homosexual cultures, however unofficial, are marked by loyal masculine codes. So masculinity in these cases becomes a style or representation? Thus to answer the relationship of masculinity to other nouns of man and manhood the basic element of purusatva applying to Indian men should be considered. This aspect can/ should be speculated from multiple dimension of socially and politically that develops into specific ways that is hoary intrusion. (Barucha, 1995)Predominant masculinityThe relation of Lord Rama and Hanuman can also be woven as an example of man to man relation. Hanuman is considered as the passionate devotee of Lord Rama. Though Lord Rama was the king of Ayodhya, he was in constant need of Hanuman. Hanuman considered himself subordinate of Lord Rama. But the relation that buil... ...nd/father. Law is equal for both man and woman. But the reason for grant of divorce by the plea of woman beds on the fact of more stiffness and crime against woman. The cases of domestic violence ingrain the law to take stringent actio ns against the men of the society. Under Section 354 in The Indian Penal Code, 1860The law says, labialise or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty. -- Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be presumable that he will there by outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.This explains the crisis man face under the Indian jurisdiction. Though powerful, a man is bound by the laws. The same judicial system raises the hierarchy of woman in the eyes of the law.

Witchcraft and the Town of Groton in 1671 Essay -- History Historical

Elizabeth Knapp sat perched on a small three- legged stool in front of a roaring drive out in the hall of her familys home as the last late October light faded through the yellowish oilpaper windows. The wind had already picked up a sample of the winter bite that the early Massachusetts Bay colonists had grown to despise, and tonight it whipped down the chimney of the eight foot wide fireplace with a shrill, diabolical whistle, causing the shadows projected by the bayberry wax candles to shimmy and waver against the rough hewn rafters. Elizabeth drew her red knit hood tighter down everyplace her head and huddled towards the hearth. Her mother, also named Elizabeth, watched her from farther back in darkness of the hall, where she was mending a pair of breeches. By December, she knew, the wind whipping down the chimney could cause the sap emerging from the burning logs to freeze solid. The temperatures would make many a grown man in town wish to curl up and sleep away the winte r until rising temperatures and longer days made Groton, just hewn from the Massachusetts wilderness a few decades ago, hospitable erst again. Despite the gathering winter she felt relieved to see that her sixteen- year old daughter, now her only child after the early death of her password James, was acting normal again. For the past fortnight the younger Elizabeth had been carrying herself in a strange manner. While walking along normally she would sometimes cry out. exsert week she had shrieked at extremely inappropriate time in Sunday dinner and that day in church she had been overcome with irreverent laughter. She was ever so quick to offer a reasonable excuse to spare the swift punishment usually dispensed to children at the time, but the extravagance and immodes... ...essen the symptoms. Bearers invariably take place 10 to 25 years after the onset. Chorics have been dubbed everything for saints (the Catholic church recognizes four) to witches since the sixteenth century. ReferencesButler, Caleb. History of the Town of Groton. Boston, 1848. Dow, George F. Everyday life in the Massachussetts Bay Colony, Soc. for deliverance of N.E. Antiques, 1935. Earle, Allice M. Customs and fashions in old New England. Scribner and Son, New York 1893. Greene, Samuel A., Groton in the Witchcraft Times, University Press, Cambridge, MA 1883, 29pp. Greene, Samuel A., ed. Early Records of the Town of Groton 1662- 1707, University Press, Cambridge, MA 1883, 186pp. May, Virginia, Groton Houses. Groton Historical Society, 1978. Okun, Michael S., The history of handsome onset Chorea, at www.medinfo.ufl.edu/histmed/okun/slide1.html