The Validity of Knowledge Free Essays

Lia Thompson Mr. Faria HZT 4U1 Wednesday January 18, 2012 The Validity of Knowledge This paper will clarify the legitimacy of John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge. Epistemology has been the subject of conversation for some thinkers throughout the hundreds of years. We will compose a custom paper test on The Validity of Knowledge or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The investigation of information is significant in light of the fact that as people, it is important to comprehend where the reason for our insight begins. Locke, in the same way as other thinkers accepted that all information about the world is gotten from tactile discernments. Empiricists, for example, Locke accept this â€Å"posteriori† perspective on information. He clarifies in his hypothesis that we are brought into the world with â€Å"blank slates† or Tabula Rasa, the term utilized in Locke’s hypothesis in his composition, â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding† (Locke 163). Philosophical contentions are as fluctuated as the thinkers who develop them. For every hypothesis, there is a contradicting view. Pragmatists, for example, Rene Descartes would contend against Locke and his empiricist perspective on information, accepting information to be natural. Descartes accepted that all people are intrinsically brought into the world with these realities without the guide of our faculties as contended in his first, second and third Meditations (Descartes 3). Locke’s hypothesis conflicts with Descartes sees as well as Plato’s too. In any case, Despite the contentions against Locke’s empiricist see, he is generally sensible. I concur with John Locke’s hypothesis of tangible recognition since we would not have the option to make due without our faculties. John Locke was conceived on August 29, 1632 of every a town in Somerset, England (John Locke-Biography). He composed a few significant works that have had a major effect on today’s perspective on the world, yet his significant hypothesis on information was in his book, â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding†, where he plot his perspectives just as contended against rationalist’s see on inborn information. He composed his book dependent on his conviction that genuine information is increased through understanding, â€Å"a posteriori† (Velasquez 330). â€Å"Locke holds that the psyche is a clean slate or clear sheet until involvement with the type of sensation and reflection give the essential materials †straightforward thoughts †out of which a large portion of our progressively mind boggling information is constructed† (Uzgalis). Reflection and tactile encounters go inseparably on the grounds that all together for our faculties to be utilized, we should encounter our general surroundings. When we have encountered, for instance the sweet taste of an apple, from eating it, we can think about what our faculties had the option to set up about it and addition certainties about what we encountered. â€Å"Reason is our keenness, our capacity to think and make decisions dependent on our tangible experience† (Locke 59). Locke agrees that we as people have reason however our faculties are matched up with reason, as we are to reason what our faculties are encountering. Locke made the hypothesis of â€Å"Primary and Secondary Qualities† to clarify his thoughts regarding the contrasts between our view of the world and what the world truly is. In light of logical research, people know that not all that we see is equivalent to how other living animals see it. Creatures in contrast with people may encounter indistinguishable things from people do, yet the manner in which they are seen can be entirely unexpected. For instance, it is experimentally demonstrated that mutts can't find in shading, so to them everything is clearly. Mutts despite everything utilize their sight, however can't see a similar shading people can. Essential Qualities are quantifiable characteristics by size, weight, shape and so forth and will remain the equivalent paying little heed to our observation. Auxiliary Qualities are the concealed forces an article has that can create in us a tactile encounter, for example, the shading we find in the sky. (Velasquez 333) We can comprehend his hypothesis on Primary and Secondary Qualities since researchers are capable through research to contemplate other living things and their impression of faculties. Locke’s hypotheses are an unmistakable clarification to the numerous things we experience as individuals. Descartes was conceived on March 31st, 1596 in Touraine. In the wake of completing school in 1612, it left him feeling disrupted and disappointed. He wanted to travel, so he could find new environmental factors and he joined the military at seventeen years old. He was looking for finding more truth than he had found at school. Descartes lived in a period of incredible vulnerability regarding what truth was, and what it wasn’t. There were new logical disclosures being made which were inconceivable around then, just as the new protestant part of Christianity that conflicted with the old customary strict convictions. With everything around Descartes transforming, he started to question all his earlier information (Velasquez 320). Descartes started to scan for genuine information, which was the start of Descartes’ first contemplation on Doubt. He scrutinized the possibility that we may all be uninformed of our perspective; would we say we are dreaming, or would we say we are alert? Descartes reasoned that there are no approaches to tell whether we are wakeful or dreaming. So where did this thought originate from? He proceeded to state that there must be something of a higher force beguiling him, a â€Å"evil genius† of deluding nature making this hallucination for all to become involved with. Descartes contemplated that, if this were the situation, we couldn’t trust our faculties at all on the grounds that our faculties are hallucinations. With this outlook, Descartes accepted that the main fundamental certainties are those that can't be questioned. The obvious truth he found was â€Å"I think, subsequently I am† which he contemplated that regardless of whether he was being misled about everything else, he was unable to be bamboozled that he was thinking he was tricked, accordingly he exists† (Velasquez 321). With the goal for Descartes to preclude tangible recognitions, he would need to depend on another reason for our insight. In li ght of his internal reflection, he accepted that information isn't found out, thoughts are available in the brain during childbirth. â€Å"We have from the earlier information †we are brought into the world with information and facts without the guide of sense perceptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Velasquez 324). Descartes would contend against Locke’s tangible recognitions hypothesis in light of the fact that to Descartes, our faculties are invalid. In Descartes† second contemplation, he utilizes a case of a bit of wax to refute our faculties. â€Å"Let us take, for instance this bit of wax: it has been taken newly from the hive, and it has not yet lost its pleasantness of the nectar which it contains; it despite everything holds to some degree the scent of the blossoms from which it has been separated; its shading, its figure, its size are evident; it is hard, cool, effortlessly took care of, and on the off chance that you hit it with a finger, it will radiate a sound† (Descartes 190-191). Here Descartes clarifies, in each regard every physical part of the wax that is knowledgeable about our faculties. â€Å"But notice that while I talk and approach the fire what survived from the taste is breathed out, the smell vanished, the shading modifies, the figure is obliterated, the size builds, it gets fluid, it warms, barely one can deal with it, and when one strikes it, no solid is emitted†¦What then did I know so unmistakably of this bit of wax? It could unquestionably be nothing of all that the faculties brought to my notification, since all hese things which fall under taste, smell, sight, contact, and hearing, are seen as changed, but then a similar wax remains†¦ it is mind alone which perceives†¦this bit of wax† (Descartes 190-191). Descartes clarifies that on the grounds that the wax can change, leaving us with various sense discernments than previously, it can't be trusted as information. Descartes couldn't get a handle on Locke’s ideas o f tactile encounters and along these lines rejects everything except for the information we are naturally brought into the world with. In spite of the fact that Descartes gives a sufficient hypothesis, his perspectives don't face Locke and different philosopher’s reactions. To Locke, Descartes’ entire contention on natural information and the thoughts behind his reflections are frail, not just invalid on account of their restricting perspectives on how people accomplish information, yet invalid with respect to his thinking behind his speculations. There are numerous things to bring up about Descartes, in view of Locke’s thoughts. Locke comprehended the thoughts of natural information, yet differ in light of the fact that he accepts we are an excess of a piece of this world to question its reality. On the off chance that natural information were the main genuine approach to have information, individuals would not be having contentions of what is correct and what's up. â€Å"[Descartes thoughts of uncertainty are invalid] in light of the fact that there are none to which all humankind give an all inclusive assent† (Uzgalis). Descartes’ clarification of presence of things expresses that since Descartes can think, and in light of the fact that reasoning things exist, Descartes in this way exists. Be that as it may, this contention is invalid since this is equivalent to stating, â€Å"I am strolling, henceforth I am the strolling. The writer, William Benton in the book, â€Å"Descartes/Spinoza† questioned Descartes’ second contemplation on question by saying, â€Å"this is a presumption on Descartes part to state what one comprehends is a similar exercise of understanding†¦for the substance of getting itself, is a certain something and the quintes sence is another† (Benton 135). This relates back to Descartes invalid contention since Descartes guard can be rehashed as a case that he is thought. One may think, yet can never be the â€Å"entity† or the genuine activity of reasoning. All of Descartes reflections on information encompass the primary thought of intrinsic information and thought, â€Å"but whence comes our insight into this recommendation, I think? †¦ we can't consider jumping, aside from that which jumps, of knowing apa

Hatred in Robert Brownings Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister - Literature Essay Samples

Poetry can often be described as painting with words. It is a poets attempt to give linguistic form to thoughts and emotions, to create vivid imagery with only a minimum of language, achieved by any number of creative methods. In the lyric poem Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister the poet Robert Browning uses a dramatic monologue to express emotion, such as intense rage and hatred, which is conveyed by the persona of a bitter and spiteful monk. By inventing a fictional character, which acts as the speaker in the lyric poem, and expressing that characters hatred in a dramatic situation, Browning has created a sense of heightened emotion within the poem. An analysis of Brownings Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister will enable readers to understand how the themes, context, form, and mechanics help to give the impression of violent hatred felt by that of the speaker.At first glance it seems that Brownings main purpose in Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister is to present us with the picture of a jealous monk who does nothing but complain about a fellow monk by the name of Brother Lawrence. While the mutterings of an ill-tempted monk are in fact highly entertaining to read the reader later comes to discover that Brownings true purpose is to show the reader that behind the face of spiritual righteousness lurks the heart of a corrupted and conceited man.Throughout the poem the speaker accuses Brother Lawrence of several sins, such as greed and lust, but later in the poem it becomes obvious to the reader, through the detailed examples of these particular sins, that it is the speaker who is guilty of greed and lust, and not Brother Lawrence. For example, in stanza 4 the speaker describes to us the scene of two local women who come daily to the fountain outside of the cloister to wash their hair. Here the speaker uses the phrases, Steeping tresses in the tank / Blue-black, lustrous, thick like horsehairs (27-28) to describe the scene at the fountain, and it is evident by the ri ch detail that it is the speaker, and not Brother Lawrence, who has been looking at the women. This assertion is further backed up by lines 30 and 31, where the speaker says, Cant I see his dead eye glow / Bright as twere a Barbary corsairs? This simile clearly tells us that the speaker is referring to the stir of passion that he himself has felt upon seeing the women at the fountain. What makes the speaker so interesting is that instead of admitting his own guilt the speaker instead projects his own lust for the women onto Brother Lawrence in the effort to make the innocent monk look blameworthy. Browning has allowed the speaker to unintentionally, through his attitude and malicious words, reveal to the reader his corrupt and evil personality.From the very first two lines of Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister the object of the speakers hatred is revealed. Gr-r-rthere go, my hearts abhorrence! / Water your damned flowerpots, do! The speaker then goes on to list a series of accusation s against Brother Lawrence, which range from the way the innocent monk tends to his garden to his enlightened table conversations. Never once does the speakers hatred towards Brother Lawrence diminish, but instead it increases with each disturbing remark, so much so that by the last stanza the speaker is willing to take the ultimate risk and sell his own soul to the devil in exchange for Brother Lawrences damnation. But what is amusing about this contract with the devil is that the speaker is careful to make an escape clause for himself. Or, theres Satan! One might venture / Pledge ones soul to him, yet leave / Such a flaw in the indenture / As hed miss till, past retrieve (65-68). The irony in these lines is that if any one single soul should suffer from damnation it is the speakers soul. It is the speaker who lusts after the women at the fountain, and it is the speaker who is the owner of the scrofulous French novel (57), which he plans to tempt Brother Lawrence with by putting it among the monks possessions. Finally, the very fact that the speaker is the one who wishes to trick the devil implies that it is quite apparent that the speaker is the one who lacks morality, and not Brother Lawrence.Perhaps the most fascinating element about the speakers personality is the animal-like quality that he shows throughout the poem. He opens and closes the poem with a beast-like sounding Gr-r-r, which certainly makes us thinks of him as a wild animal. Another example of the speakers carnal nature is the setting of the poem. It is in the monastery garden where the speaker secretly watches Brother Lawrence, who is tending to his plants, much like the way a predator would watch its prey. He slinks around in the background, observing and criticizing his enemy, and then vents his hatred out of the earshot of Brother Lawrence. These types of actions present clear evidence that the speaker has a carnal nature, making the reader question the sanity of this bitter monk.Another m ethod used in the poem that helps to emphasize the malice the speaker feels is the use of the end-stopped lines. Instead of letting his sentences continue uninterrupted into the next line, Browning uses punctuation marks, such as a question mark or an exclamation mark, to create a break in the speech of the speaker and the structure of the poem. Here is an example of how Browning uses the end-stopped lines in Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister:Oh, those melons? If hes ableWere to have a feast! So nice!One goes to the Abbots table,All of us get each a slice.How go on your flowers? None double?Not one fruit-sort can you spy?Strange! And I, too, at such trouble,Keep them close-nipped on the sly! (41-48)Few people realize that the poem is not just structured in iambic tetrameter, but that each stanza is also structured as a list of complaints. Stanza by stanza the speaker begins to list each dislike he holds of Brother Lawrence, and in doing so tries to expose the monks immorality by lis ting each of the sins he has supposedly committed. This type of structure created by the speaker brings us to the conclusion that the speaker has long passed the point of being merely annoyed with Brother Lawrence, and that the rage he feels towards the innocent monk has been long endured.Despite all the grammatical structures that help the speaker to express his anger and frustration with Brother Lawrence, what sets this poem apart from Brownings other works, and also helps to bring a humorous life into the narration of the poem, is the sarcasm used by the speaker. The use of sarcasm within the poem gives strong presence to the speakers ridicule of the poor monk, and also helps to express his utter disgust with Brother Lawrence, or perhaps his disgust with himself. One cant help but smile when the speaker releases a bitter outburst, such as the phrase, Whew! Well have our platter burnished, / Laid with care on our own shelf! (18-19).Browning emphasizes the sarcastic tone of the spe aker by using a great deal of punctuation, which strengthens the speakers heated tone and the humorous way in which he expresses these malicious words. When the narrator wishes to lash out at Brother Lawrence, Browning uses an exclamation mark. Gods blood, would not mine kill you! (4), or Hell dry you up with its flames! (8). When the speaker wants to criticize the object of his intense hatred Browning uses both a question mark and an exclamation mark to emphasize the emotion the speaker is feeling, and to also heighten the sarcasm in the poem. What? Your myrtle-bush wants trimming? / Oh, that rose has prior claims / Needs its leaden vase filled brimming? (5-8) or How go your flowers? None double? / Not one fruit-sort can you spy? / Strange! And I, too, at such trouble, / Keep them close-nipped on the sly! (45-48).Brownings Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister uses several poetic techniques to convey to its audience the rumblings and bitter outbursts of a corrupted monk, who is less ho lier than the man he despises. Written as a dramatic monologue, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister is Brownings attempt to bring the language of hatred to life by using a cynical persona as his speaker, sarcastic language, and punctuation to emphasize all these strong elements in the poem.

Wgu Ethical Situations in Business Task 1 - 680 Words

Ethical Situations in Business Task 1 John Mackey, founder of Whole Foods once said Business social responsibility should not be coerced; it is a voluntary decision that the entrepreneurial leadership of every company must make on its own. (Mackey, 2005) In today’s society it is increasingly common for businesses to actively identify and become directly involved in the country and the global social issues and needs. It is now common place for companies to market this information alongside of their logos, as a TV commercial and on the products they sell. When a company does not resemble its competitors it really stands out and unfortunately this is where we find Company Q. In the exercise Company Q is described as a small, local†¦show more content†¦cutting edge. Company Q should consider a partnership with the local food bank who has asked for their day old products. Meeting with the group and creating a comprehensive plan that would gain positive The food bank Choice is abundant in most markets in todays society and companies have to stay on the impacts for both the business and the non-profit organization would be quite simple. could offer a volunteer to pick up the day old product from the store and the store in turn could create an accountability system between the store and food bank. numerous. The opportunities with the partnership are The store could create a marketing plan to share opportunities for patrons to give to the The food bank in return could add the stores food bank by purchasing items from within the store. logo and other information about the store to handouts or brochures that might be given to their patrons and/or donors. It would be important for the two entities to meet on a yearly basis to review the partnership and share the results with the local community. Company Q, might want to consider conscientious capitalism. Conciouncious capitalism seems to be a more holistic approach that allows social responsonsibilty to be embedded in every decision or process of the company rather than just picking up a ball ( cause) and carrying it around to just enhance their brand. It would allow for the company to change the thoughtShow MoreRelatedC200 course5463 Words   |  22 Pages3018.1.2: Theories of Leadership The graduate uses contemporary theories of leadership to develop personal leadership skills based on a personal leadership philosophy. Competency 3018.1.3: Sustaining Business Performance The graduate applies management and leadership theories for long-term global business success. Competency 3018.1.4: Organizational Performance Methods The graduate analyzes appropriate methods to improve organizational performance. Course Mentor Assistance As you prepare to successfully

Lance Armstrong Ethical Dilemma Case Study - 1806 Words

Ethical Dilemma The decision maker for the ethical dilemma for the lance Armstrong case is Chris Carmichael, the coach. The decisions are: To always overlook the use of PED or to never always overlook the use of PED. These two choices both have undesirable outcomes. To always overlook the use of PED: This option is undesirable because it the discovery of PED usage will lead to termination from the sport, resulting in failed coaching business. Never overlook the use of PED: This option us undesirable because it will mean that coaching business will not develop. Utilitarianism: The stakeholders that have been identified are: Sponsors, administrators, athletes, The UCI, competitors, media, competitors. All reasonably foreseeable†¦show more content†¦For example, if everyone was never to respect contractual agreements no one would have legal obligations to restrict them from behaving in an unethical or illegal manner. The second (Humanity or End in itself formulation): The maxim does not pass the second categorical imperative. To never always respect contractual agreements would result in in people being used as a means to an end. Chris Carmichael is allowing the athletes to use PED as a means to an end because it benefits his couching business. The third (Kingdom of Ends formulation): The maxim does not pass the third categorical imperative because it is not sustainable and cannot be applied as a universal law because it would be considered unacceptable to act in such a manner. Conclusion: The application of the categorical imperative to the maxims: To always respect contractual agreement and never always respect contractual agreement in the Kantian analysis demonstrates that the correct maxim is to always respect contractual agreements. In conclusion, always respecting contractual agreement is more sustainable in the long run because it can be universally applied as a law, does not use people as a means to an end and is generally perceived more socially acceptable than the contrasting maxim: to never respect contractual agreement. The Kantian analysisShow MoreRelatedUnethical Conduct And Its Effects On The Workplace2129 Words   |  9 PagesWith the recent cases of unethical conduct in media, there seems to be few models of businesses and leaders operating on ethical principles. It is believed that because of the low ethical standards of leaders that employees feel justified to respond in kind, by increased absenteeism, petty theft, indifference, and poor job performance (Gini). The ethics of leadership has a direct impact on the workplace and affects the ethical choices and decisions that workers make in the workplace. 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Gasoline Essay Research Paper Why are we free essay sample

Gasoline Essay, Research Paper Why are we paying so much for gasolene? If you haven? T noticed you must non drive, but at that place has been a drastic addition in gas monetary values in the past twelvemonth and a half. It seemed similar merely the other twenty-four hours when I was at the gas station and I said? Can I acquire 20 dollars on pump 3 please? ? and that would vouch a full armored combat vehicle of gas. But those were the good old yearss when gasolene was a low, low, low monetary value of.99 cents per gallon. 20 dollars has my gage making for the halfway grade on the gas metre. Nowadays it takes dual that money to acquire a full armored combat vehicle. We will write a custom essay sample on Gasoline Essay Research Paper Why are we or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anyone who drives a SUV has it the worst of all drivers. SUV? s have some the largest armored combat vehicles and acquire the worst milage. The last clip I went to the pump it cost me 40 dollars to make full up my armored combat vehicle. That breaks down to about $ 2 a gallon. That? s me giving a whole twenty-four hours? s worth of work toward make fulling up my gas armored combat vehicle. Who is to fault for all this? The major perpetrators behind all these lifting monetary values are the Big Oil companies. They decided non to bring forth their standard gasolene stock lists due to the high costs of rough oil before Memorial Day of 2000. The cost of rough oil is $ 34 per barrel. Which leaves the Midwest fuel market extremely vulnerable to provide break particularly since supply in the Midwest is depends largely on grapevines. In bend, three major Large Oil grapevine breaks wreak mayhem on the market because of the deficiency of gasolene stock lists. With the deficiency of supply, brought on by determinations by the Big Oil companies, gas monetary values skyrocket in the Midwest. Now, the Big Oil companies gather record net income borders as a consequence of their ain supply misdirection. The Big Oil companies blame ethanol ( a fuel made from maize to cut down emanations from the autos ) , to cover up their net income. Now, conjecture who is stuck with paying the monetary value at the pump? ? ? I was reading the paper and I read? California gas monetary values fall? and it mad me laugh. What did it fall to? The mean monetary value in Sacramento is $ 1.92 and falling a whole.2 cents from a month ago. Merely a twelvemonth ago you could hold bought that same gallon for $ 1.46. The province norm is now at a $ 1.85 with Lake Tahoe at the top of the list at $ 2.10 per gallon and Salinas at the underside at $ 1.86 When the monetary values are $ 1.20 or below I would name that a autumn but.2 cents is merely a faux pas. Right now there is merely one logical solution to the job and that is by utilizing ethanol-blended fuel. Ethanol is produced through a agitation and distillment procedure that turns the sugars in the maize into intoxicant. Ethanol utilizes about 7 per centum of the U.S. maize harvest yearly. It greatly reduces tailpipe emanations, helps to keep up the agricultural economic system, and straight displaces imported oil. The monetary value of ethyl alcohol is cheaper than leadless gasolene. Because the monetary value of oil is at it? s highest while the monetary value of maize for the usage of ethyl alcohol is at it? s lowest. A bushel of maize, which is like 2.5 or 3 gallons, is equal to 1 gallon of gas. Since the 1970? s autos can fire up to 10 per centum ethyl alcohol. In the Midwest they use 10 per centum ethyl alcohol and the remainder unleaded gas. Ethanol is clean combustion and reduces toxic emanations by 22 per centum and nursery causation gases by 40 per centum. It is renewable because we grow more maize every twelvemonth that can be used to bring forth more ethyl alcohol. Gas can neer be reproduced because it comes from oil. It is made in the U.S. from maize in the U.S. so we don? Ts have to cover with the importation of oils that chiefly come from the Middle East. It is a great trade for is as consumers and helps the husbandmans and the economic system, and helps us salvage money by equilibrating the trade with the Middle East. It enhances engine public presentation by increasing the octane in the gas and cleans and prevents engine sedimentations. It even acts as antifreeze for your fuel line. The Big Oil companies know what they are making and it was a smart move by them. Everyone in the U.S. drives an car and to drive you need gas. You need gas, without it you can? t thrust. There is no alternate that you can set inside your armored combat vehicle to do it run so you have to pay the traveling rate. Since the gas monetary values have gone up at that place has been no alteration in the sum of gas that is being bought in fact there are more people purchasing gas now than earlier. So, why would a marketer privation to take down the monetary value of their merchandise if people will pay for it no affair what the ticket says? The monetary values of gas may skid but neer? fall. ? The Big Oil companies will go on what they are making for every bit long as we pay the monetary value. If you don? Ts like the gas monetary values you better stock up on places and get down walking because they aren? T traveling anyplace but up. 317

Organizations as Machines and Systems of Political Activity

An effective leader should understand major principles of organizational change, development and behavior. Morgan (2006) introduced (and provided an in-depth analysis of) certain metaphors to use to evaluate organizations’ effectiveness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizations as Machines and Systems of Political Activity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These metaphors help analyze effectiveness of the organizational structure and behavior; it can also help evaluate performance of the company and each employee (Renz, 2009). It is possible to consider two metaphors to illustrate this point. Organizations as machines and organizations as systems are two metaphors which can be used to evaluate different aspects of the organization. Organization as a machine is a metaphor that depicts the organization as a machine where all systems work according to some algorithms (Morgan, 2006). Departments are seen a s different subsystems of a single machine. The major focus is made on productivity and performance. Such concepts as bureaucracy and technocracy become central. In terms of this metaphor, organizations function according to a plan with no deviation (Morgan, 2006). This metaphor can help evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy chosen. When seeing an organization as a machine, it is rather easy to trace deviations from the plan if any. Performance can also be easily evaluated as it is rather easy to check whether the organization or a particular employee reaches goals set (or even starts working on time) or not. Nonetheless, there is a drawback in this metaphor which prevents leaders from evaluating interpersonal relationships within the company. However, effective leaders should be aware of the relationships existing in the company (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). The use of this metaphor is also ineffective when concentrating on the change and development of new creative ideas as mach ines do not create, they only perform. Another metaphor can help focus on relationships within the organization. Unlike the metaphor considered above, the present one does not focus on performance or efficiency. According to Morgan (2006), it is possible to consider the organization as a system of political activity. Thus, such concepts as leadership, power, conflict and relationships come to the fore. In terms of this theory, the leader can trace a variety of links between employees and departments. This can help the leader understand needs and aspirations of the employees, which, in its turn, will help to develop proper approaches applicable in various situations with different individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this organizational metaphor prevents the leader from properly evaluating efficiency and performance of the employees and the entire company. It is hardly possible to trace development of innovative ideas. This metaphor is rather ‘narrow’ as it focuses on a particular aspect of organizational behavior. Remarkably, the two metaphors focus on different concepts and are somewhat ‘narrow’. Nevertheless, when used together, these metaphors can help evaluate performance of the organization. More so, leaders should exploit all the metaphors revealed by Morgan (2006) as they reflect a particular facet of organizational development. The use of these metaphors will help the leader get a complete analysis of an organization. In conclusion, it is possible to note that Morgan’s metaphors are helpful when it comes to analysis of organizational behavior. Each metaphor focuses on a particular facet and, hence, it is important to use all the metaphors to have all the necessary data to develop proper approaches and leadership strategies. More so, it is vital to switch between the metaphors in different period s of the organization’s lifetime as sometimes leaders should pay more attention to particular concepts. Reference List Kinicki, A., Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational behavior. Burr Ridge, ILL: McGraw Hill. Morgan, G. (2006). Images of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Renz, L.M. (2009). Metaphor: Imagery devices used by Morgan to describe organizations as culture and psychic prisons. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 2(1), 54-65. This essay on Organizations as Machines and Systems of Political Activity was written and submitted by user Nancy L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Timeline of Events From 1840 to 1850

Timeline of Events From 1840 to 1850 The years from 1840 to 1850 were marked by war, political changes, a gold rush in California, and many other important events in America and around the world. 1840 January 10: Penny postage was introduced in Britain.January 13: In a shocking maritime disaster, the steamship Lexington burned and sank in Long Island Sound. Only four men survived and more than 150 passengers and crew perished.February 10: Queen Victoria of England married Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha.May 1: The first postage stamps, Britain’s â€Å"Penny Black,† were issued.Summer/Fall: The 1840 presidential campaign was the first to prominently feature songs and slogans. William Henry Harrison won the presidency thanks to his Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign, and the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! 1841 March 4: William Henry Harrison was inaugurated as president of the United States. He delivered a two-hour inaugural address in very cold weather. As a result, he caught pneumonia, from which he never recovered.Spring: A free black New Yorker, Solomon Northup, was lured to Washington, D.C., drugged, and kidnapped into slavery. He would tell his story in the powerful memoir Twelve Years a Slave.April 4: President William Henry Harrison died after only one month in office. He was the first American president to die in office and was succeeded by Vice President John Tyler.Autumn: Land was purchased in Massachusetts for Brook Farm, an experimental farming community frequented by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and other writers and thinkers of the era.November 9: Edward VII of England, son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, was born. 1842 January: The British retreated from Kabul, Afghanistan and were massacred by Afghan troops.August 29: The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of Nanking.November: Showman Phineas T. Barnum tracked down a child in Connecticut said to be peculiarly small. The boy, Charles Stratton, would become a show business phenomenon known as General Tom Thumb. 1843 Summer: Oregon Fever gripped America, beginning mass migration westward on the Oregon Trail. 1844 February 28: An accident with a cannon on US Navy warship killed two members of John Tyler’s cabinet.May 24: The first telegram was sent from the U.S. Capitol to Baltimore. Samuel F.B. Morse wrote, â€Å"what hath God wrought.†August: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels met in Paris.November: James Knox Polk defeated Henry Clay in the U.S. presidential election. 1845 January 23: The U.S. Congress established a uniform date for federal elections, naming the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November as Election Day.March 1: President John Tyler signed a bill annexing Texas.March 4: James Knox Polk was inaugurated as President of the United States.May: Frederick Douglass published his autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave.May 20: The Franklin Expedition sets sail from Britain. All 129 men on the expedition were lost during their attempt to explore the Arctic.Late Summer: The Irish potato famine, which would become known as the Great Famine, started with widespread failures of the potato crop. 1846 February 26: American frontier scout and showman William F. â€Å"Buffalo Bill† Cody was born in Iowa.April 25: Mexican troops ambushed and killed a patrol of U.S. soldiers. Reports of the incident inflamed tensions between the two nations.April-August: Francis Parkman traveled from St. Louis, Missouri to Ft. Laramie, Wyoming, and later wrote of the experience in the classic book The Oregon Trail.May 13: The U.S. Congress declared war against Mexico.June 14: In the Bear Flag Revolt, settlers in northern California declared independence from Mexico.December: The Donner Party, a party of American settlers in wagon trains, became stranded in the snow-covered Sierra Nevada Mountains in California and resorted to cannibalism to survive. 1847 February 22: U.S. troops commanded by General Zachary Taylor defeated a Mexican Army at the Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican War.March 29: U.S. troops commanded by General Winfield Scott captured Veracruz in the Mexican War.June 1: Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of Americas richest and most competitive men, raced a steamboat against rival Daniel Drew in the Hudson River. Many thousands of New Yorkers lined the citys docks to watch the paddle wheelers race.Late summer: The potato famine continued in Ireland, and the year became known as Black 47.September 13-14: U.S. troops entered Mexico City and effectively ended the Mexican War.December 6: Abraham Lincoln took his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. After serving a single two-year term, he returned to Illinois. 1848 January 24: James Marshall, a mechanic at John Sutters sawmill in northern California, recognized some unusual nuggets. His discovery would set off the California Gold Rush.February 23: Former president John Quincy Adams, who served as a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts after leaving the presidency, died after collapsing in the U.S. Capitol building.July 12-19: A conference at Seneca Falls, New York, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizbeth Cady Stanton, took up the issue of Womens Rights and planted the seeds of the suffrage movement in the U.S.November 7: Zachary Taylor, Whig candidate and a hero of the Mexican War, was elected President of the United States.December 5: President James Knox Polk, in his annual address to Congress, confirmed the discovery of gold in California. 1849 March 5: Zachary Taylor was inaugurated as the 12th president of the U.S. He was the third, and last, candidate of the Whig Party to hold the office.