The Death Penalty To Be or Not to Be Essay Example For Students

The Death Penalty: To Be or Not to Be Essay For the past several months Americans have regularly listed crime andviolence as the number one problem facing the nation, far surpassing worriesover the economy or health care. Despite the many government and community initiatives launched duringrecent years to reduce crime, most Americans see no improvement. In a 1993survey asking respondents if they felt crime was increasing or decreasing intheir areas, only 5 % felt that it was decreasing, a full 93 % felt that crimewas either increasing or staying the same. And it is not just statistics: Iconsider myself along with those 93 %. Because while Guiliani administration istalking about crime rates in the New York City going down, all I see and hearin the media are reports about horrible crimes committed by New Yorkers. We will write a custom essay on The Death Penalty: To Be or Not to Be specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As George Pettinico states in his article Crime and punishment:America changes its mind : The medias extensive coverage of crime, especiallythe most brutal and horrific cases have heightened the publics fear and angerover this issue to a near frenzy. When asked in January of this year, Howoften do you see reports of violent crime on television ? 68 % replied almost every day . Although the media have played an important role in raising the publicsawareness of lawlessness, crime in America is far from a media createdphenomenon. Government statistics support the image of a nation which hasoverwhelmingly lost the war against crime. For instance, in 1960 there were 161reported violent crimes per 100,000 people By 1992, the figure had jumped to 758per 100,000 a rise of over 350 %. More and more people today are starting to think that something isterribly wrong when a modern, civilized nation must confront statistics likethese. The American public is demanding an end to this violence, and surveysshow that they believe swift and harsh punishment is the most appropriate andeffective means to these ends. The death penalty, or as it is sometimes being called capitalpunishment is the hardest punishment that could be received when a person isconvicted of a capital offense. Until recently it did not exist in New YorkState but after new governor, George Pataki was elected he managed to bring itback. Since September 1, 1994 the death penalty law was in effect. And eventhough, as far as I know, there is no strong statistical evidence that the deathpenalty lowers the murder rate, many people were very happy with that decision. What they probably though was some people would not commit a murder, rapeor another violent crime if they would know that they could get on a death rowfor that . However, my personal opinion is that death penalty has to be justifiedon its own goodness, rather than by some pragmatic result it brings about. Thegovernor and legislature of New York State evidently agree with this contention,for they enacted a death penalty law in the face of falling rates for murder andother serious crimes. Currently there are two opinions about the death penalty law. Firstopinion is that the existence of such a law helps keeping the crime rates down. The opposite one is about a fact that killing people should not be done byanybody, including state and federal law enforcement system. Let us take acloser look on both of those opinions. Bringing the death penalty law back to life was a part of Gov. GeorgePatakis election program. As we have seen learned from the media and from theresults of numerous surveys, a quite large number of people who supported GeorgePataki, were doing that mainly because of this part of his program. .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 , .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .postImageUrl , .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 , .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:hover , .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:visited , .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:active { border:0!important; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:active , .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8 .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u167af25f1f2feffb0e085a3e4237f0d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oscar Wilde EssayBut does having a death penalty law actually help keeping the crimerates down? The answer is in the statistics: it turns out that the violent crimerates in New York State did not go down for the past year since the deathpenalty law was in effect. Another thing that would surprise those who supportdeath penalty is its price. The fact is: each death penalty case costs about2.3 million dollars. That is three times more than a price for keeping a personin a prison for the rest of his life. Here is what Mr. C.Hoppe states in hisarticle Executions Cost Texas Millions : For the states which employ thedeath penalty, this luxury comes at a high price. In Texas, a death penalty casecosts taxpayers an average of $ 2.3 million, about three times the cost ofimprisoning someone in a single cell at the highest security level for 40years. A lot of articles were published in the newspapers and magazinesconcerning the question of a death penalty law. One of those articles lists many arguments against the death penalty. Here is what David Dunlap writes about the death penalty: Opposition to the death penalty does not arise from misplaced sympathy forconvicted murderers. On the contrary, murder demonstrates a lack of respect forhuman life. For this very reason, murder is abhorrent, and any policy of state authorized killings is immoral. Capital punishment denies due process of law. Its imposition isarbitrary and irrevocable. It forever deprives an individual of benefits of newevidence or new law that might warrant the reversal of a conviction or thesetting aside of a death sentence. The death penalty violates the constitutional guarantee of the equalprotection of the laws. It is applied randomly at best and discriminatorily atworst. It is imposed disproportionately up on those whose victims are white, onoffenders who are people of color, and on those who are themselves poor anduneducated. The defects in death penalty laws, conceded by the Supreme Court inthe early 1970s, have not been appreciably altered by the shift from unfettereddiscretion to guided discretion. These changes in death sentencing haveproved to be largely cosmetic. They merely mask the impermissible arbitrarinessof a process that results in an execution. Executions give society the unmistakable message that human life nolonger deserves respect when it is useful to take it and that homicide islegitimate when deemed justified by pragmatic concerns. Reliance on the death penalty obscures the true causes of crime anddistracts attention from the social measures that effectively contribute to itscontrol. Politicians who preach the desirability of executions as a weapon ofcrime control deceive the public and mask their own failure to support anti-crime measures that will really work. Capital punishment wastes resources. It squanders the time and energy ofcourts, prosecuting attorneys, defense counsel, juries, and courtroom andcorrectional personnel. It unduly burdens the system of criminal justice, and itis therefore counterproductive as an instrument for societys control of violentcrime. It epitomizes the tragic inefficacy and brutality of the resort toviolence rather than reason for the solution of difficult social problems. As we can see, from these points of view, death penalty in its everyaspect is a thing that American society must get rid of . But, as in every issue that involves the life of the human being, thereare different kinds of opinions regarding the death penalty law. Some peopleactually believe in effectiveness and usefulness of a death penalty. Even thoughthose opinions are not backed up by any facts or statistics, there still is avery large number of people of all races, ages and genders who support thedeath penalty law. Lawrence Altman is a part of the group of people whosupport the capital punishment. Here is what he thinks are the main argumentsfor having a death penalty : Is it described in a Holy Bible that a deathpenalty is required for a wide variety of crimes, such as murder, rape, etc. .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 , .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .postImageUrl , .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 , .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:hover , .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:visited , .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:active { border:0!important; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:active , .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0 .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5e63766199b149d917047fe809591d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare's Othello - Iago, Master of Cruelty in EssayAnother reason why the death penalty should be in effect is that manypeople feel that killing convicted murderers will satisfy their need for justiceand / or vengeance. Deterrence is another fact that speaks for the capital punishment: manypeople feel that the death penalty will deter criminals from killing. However,there are no known reliable statistics that support this belief. Also capital punishment reduces the costs that are required forimprisonment: once a convicted murder is executed and buried, there are nofurther costs. My personal opinion regarding this article is that listed abovearguments for the death penalty are very wrongful and could be easily turneddown by the results of numerous surveys and different statistics. Even the fact about the Holy Bible is wrong because, The Holy Biblespeaks positively against any killing of a human being whatsoever. But that isexactly what capital punishment is a killing of a human being that isauthorized by law. The statement about criminals being deterred by the presence of a deathpenalty is wrong also. According to statistics, the violent crime rate in NewYork State did not go down since the death penalty law became effective. Another fact from statistics is that numbers of committed violent crimesin the states that do have a death penalty law and numbers of committed violentcrimes in the states that do not have that law are approximately the same. Another false opinion about the death penalty is that it killing theconvicted murderer actually reduces the costs. As we learn from the Mr. Hoppesarticle, Executions cost Texas millions , the cost of executing a convictedprisoner costs three times more than keeping him in the cell for 40 years. As wecan see, the above opinion does not have any sense. The only true fact about the usefulness of a death penalty is the factthat many people feel that killing convicted murderers will satisfy their needfor justice and / or vengeance. The only bad thing about it is : executing acriminal does not bring his victim back to life. Even though some people fellrelieved when the murderer is executed, there is no way to reverse the crime(s)that he has committed. Even though almost everything and everybody speak against the capitalpunishment, I think that people who committed violent crimes should be punishedto the fullest extend of law, which capital punishment basically is. As well as no human being deserves to be executed, no human beingdeserves to have his or her life taken away by the criminal. The laws of livingsay: Sooner or later you will be responsible for everything you do in yourlife, whether you like it or not, and whether you regret it or not . Category: English The Death Penalty To Be Or Not To Be Essay Example For Students The Death Penalty: To Be Or Not To Be Essay The Death Penalty: To Be or Not to Be For the past several months Americans have regularly listed crime andviolence as the number one problem facing the nation, far surpassing worriesover the economy or health care. Despite the many government and community initiatives launched duringrecent years to reduce crime, most Americans see no improvement. In a 1993survey asking respondents if they felt crime was increasing or decreasing intheir areas, only 5 % felt that it was decreasing, a full 93 % felt that crimewas either increasing or staying the same. And it is not just statistics: Iconsider myself along with those 93 %. Because while Guiliani administration istalking about crime rates in the New York City going down, all I see and hearin the media are reports about horrible crimes committed by New Yorkers. We will write a custom essay on The Death Penalty: To Be Or Not To Be specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As George Pettinico states in his article Crime and punishment:America changes its mind : The medias extensive coverage of crime, especiallythe most brutal and horrific cases have heightened the publics fear and angerover this issue to a near frenzy. When asked in January of this year, Howoften do you see reports of violent crime on television ? 68 % replied almost every day . Although the media have played an important role in raising the publicsawareness of lawlessness, crime in America is far from a media createdphenomenon. Government statistics support the image of a nation which hasoverwhelmingly lost the war against crime. For instance, in 1960 there were 161reported violent crimes per 100,000 people By 1992, the figure had jumped to 758per 100,000 a rise of over 350 %. More and more people today are starting to think that something isterribly wrong when a modern, civilized nation must confront statistics likethese. The American public is demanding an end to this violence, and surveysshow that they believe swift and harsh punishment is the most appropriate andeffective means to these ends. The death penalty, or as it is sometimes being called capitalpunishment is the hardest punishment that could be received when a person isconvicted of a capital offense. Until recently it did not exist in New YorkState but after new governor, George Pataki was elected he managed to bring itback. Since September 1, 1994 the death penalty law was in effect. And eventhough, as far as I know, there is no strong statistical evidence that the deathpenalty lowers the murder rate, many people were very happy with that decision. What they probably though was some people would not commit a murder, rapeor another violent crime if they would know that they could get on a death rowfor that . However, my personal opinion is that death penalty has to be justifiedon its own goodness, rather than by some pragmatic result it brings about. Thegovernor and legislature of New York State evidently agree with this contention,for they enacted a death penalty law in the face of falling rates for murder andother serious crimes. Currently there are two opinions about the death penalty law. Firstopinion is that the existence of such a law helps keeping the crime rates down. The opposite one is about a fact that killing people should not be done byanybody, including state and federal law enforcement system. Let us take acloser look on both of those opinions. Bringing the death penalty law back to life was a part of Gov. GeorgePatakis election program. As we have seen learned from the media and from theresults of numerous surveys, a quite large number of people who supported GeorgePataki, were doing that mainly because of this part of his program. .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f , .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .postImageUrl , .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f , .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:hover , .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:visited , .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:active { border:0!important; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:active , .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3332c0985da7526b44b02c7df28c0f9f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Prospective EssayBut does having a death penalty law actually help keeping the crimerates down? The answer is in the statistics: it turns out that the violent crimerates in New York State did not go down for the past year since the deathpenalty law was in effect. Another thing that would surprise those who supportdeath penalty is its price. The fact is: each death penalty case costs about2.3 million dollars. That is three times more than a price for keeping a personin a prison for the rest of his life. Here is what Mr. C.Hoppe states in hisarticle Executions Cost Texas Millions : For the states

Women in the Maltese Falcon Essay Example

Women in the Maltese Falcon Essay Example Women in the Maltese Falcon Essay Women in the Maltese Falcon Essay All of the women except for Effie are corrupt in the novel. They dont seem to have any important duties or roles throughout the story, but they do the dirty work for the men and participate in Illegal and immoral activities such as murder and having affairs. Sam Spade is a womanlier and thinks of women as people to do things for him and he likes to love them and leave them. It Is obvious that he does not Like to have relationships or get too close to anyone, so Instead he doesnt treat women the greatest. Spade orders Effie, his secretary, around and Is always giving her orders. She lights his cigarettes, takes his phone calls, runs his errands and listens to his problems. He gives her his dirty work to do and she does It all Immediately without saying a word or complaining. Spade also uses Burgled to benefit himself. He takes a lot of money from her, not knowing If he Is partaking In anything Illegal, and agrees to help her. She Is portrayed as a liar and can never keep her story straight. She Is a murderer, but falls in love with spade very quickly. He gets Information from her to solve the case, she becomes his lover, but in the end he turns her into the police. Finally, there is Via. She has an affair with her husbands partner, Spade. Spade pays no attention to Via after her husband is killed and has a relationship with Brigit. Even though he is never there for her, she is waiting for him at the end of the novel still. I think this shows women as being weak. She puts up with him treating her badly and she cheats on her husband. This portrays women as not having any morals and settling for how men treat them no matter if it is good or bad. Overall, the novel depicts men as getting all of the women and money. The women murder, cheat and stick with men such as Spade even though they are not appreciated or treated well.

Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Personality - Essay Example In additions, managers should mostly engage staff with proactive personality. Workers with this type of personality look for opportunities and act on them. They exhibit initiative and stop at nothing until the opportunity effects a change in the organization, In Personality psychology, Burger, Jerry (2010) identifies five broad dimensions or domains of personality. These domains are broadly referred to as the Five Big traits of personality. Personality experts and scholars broadly support the theory known as the five-factor model on which the Five Big traits of personality derive their base. The five big traits of personality, according to the theory, include openness (O), extraversion (E), conscientiousness (C), neuroticism (N) and agreeableness (A). Burger, Jerry (2011) suggests the use of acronyms such as OCEAN and CANOE to identify the five traits collectively. The chief purpose of the theory is to give an account for different characteristics and traits in personality. Empirical research on the Big Five personality characteristics has shown, to a large extent, consistency in observations, interviews and self-description. The research, therefore, indicates that the personality tests are very accurate and reliable. Burger, Jerry (2011) defines openness as the appreciation for emotions, art, imaginations, unusual ideas, curiosity and other experiences. They reckon that staffs that are open to new experiences are willing to try new ventures, intellectually curious and sensitive to changes in the organization. Unlike closed people, open people are very creative and more conscious of their feelings. Burger, Jerry (2011) adds that open people not likely to hold conventional beliefs. Open people prefer novelty to familiarity, and they do not resist change. A conscientious person acts dutifully, is self-disciplined and achieves above the expectations.

Public Policy Initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Policy Initiative - Essay Example Another important factor is the rapid population growth which contributes more to the economic problem of scarcity and towards the selection of a public policy that has to fairly deal with all the related aspects. The next major aspect to be considered while designing a policy is the context of job development in the ever increasing global society. This containment should not only fulfill the white collar attitude instead it should look forth on a relatively larger scale thus improving upon efficiency and equity. The main critic on this approach is that in a perfectly competitive environment there can be a case that a firm might enable itself to drive away all other competitors thereby becoming a natural monopoly is an exception owing to the absence of the required many sellers that would set the so-called invisible hand of competition in motion1. To our concern and knowledge Adam Smith's laissez faire theory relies on this hidden hand to attain efficiency in markets. Why it is important is just because in an ideally competitive economy every firm tries to maximize social profits i.e. the concept of deriving maximum utility out of each resource or profit maximization, this could be called as the net benefits consumers and producers receive from participation in markets. Why to support Weimer and Vining is because there are a number of factors that make the Free Market approach much more effective than (government) regulated markets. They are; Production-motivation/Capital-attraction this means that there are just adequate monetary remunerations that make these economic agents to fulfill the customer demand at a desired price and this is well termed as the production-motivation. Through this approach, the supplier tends to keep on producing the desired product and eventually he tries to expand the scale for further remuneration thereby adding more to his incentives for profit maximization that is achieved by "economies of scale". Efficiency2 ensures that goods & services are provided at the lowest possible cost. Again, the concept is that the supplier tries to minimize cost and maximize sustainable profit. Demand Control & Consumer Rationing is essential to avoid waste of resources, this means that the market system can effectively limit consumption by individuals and only those who can afford enjoy the fruits. But this well leads to a failure as well because the market system fails to provide with some necessities that are termed as public goods as these do not provide with any fruitful remuneration to the producer so they are avoided within the market constraint. The rationing mechanism however allows the level of prices to achieve what economists call as the only real economic function of prices that have the ability to influence the

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Loss Prevention Policies - Assignment Example A fraud hotline will greatly enhance the system by allowing for anonymous reporting. Introduction Modern organizations are faced by an ever-increasing threat of fraud, both internally and externally. Fraud continues to increase alarmingly with each passing moment recording a new or even more sophisticated form of fraud. The situation is made worse by an increasing adoption of information technology that networks and connects the information infrastructure in businesses. Hard economic times are also tempting employees to engage in fraud. This paper will review the benefits of a comprehensive fraud control program and give a conclusion at the end. Literature review Question One A Fraud is a big problem even for large established global corporations; consider the case of dell Computer Corporation. In 2007, it had to redo its financial reports between 2003 and 2006 due to a deliberate manipulation of figures to meet quarterly budgetary targets. John Rigas, former chairman and founder of Adelphi Communications and his son Timothy who served as the CFO (Chief financial Officer) at Delphi were convicted for massive fraud in 2007 (Stanek, 2007). This illustrates the extent of fraud in organizations where even the senior leaders who are supposed to be role models actually initiate and commit heinous acts of corporate fraud. However, a comprehensive fraud monitoring system can come in handy to help detect and therefore help an organization reduce its risk to fraud. Comprehensive fraud monitoring involves the use of technology that incorporates forensic techniques to analyze data and information paths regularly to detect anomalies, to detect fraudulent acts while there is still time to stop or mitigate the fraud. An effective fraud monitoring system is difficult to achieve by using the existing requirements and regulations necessitating the need for a comprehensive fraud monitoring system especially where senior management can be involved in fraud. A comprehensive fraud m onitoring system continuously and constantly monitors happenings in a company’s financial system tracing the movement of cash, which can be used to trace back or detect potential fraud. A comprehensive system for fraud monitoring leverages the use of sophisticated methods of statistical analyses to thoroughly scrutinize a firms’ financial and other activity for acts of fraud, errors of omission and commission and misuse of the firm’s resources. It automated the process of analyzing a company’s financial data and information (Stanek, 2007). An automated system reduces direct human involvement and further helps shield the system from manipulation as well as improves the operations of the organization making them even more efficient (Schaeffer, 2008). An automated system also lowers the cost of hiring manpower that will be involved in the monitoring and auditing the financial and asset monitoring systems of a company. One B A comprehensive fraud monitoring s ystem will benefit the firm in numerous ways as discussed below; The assets of this organization will be protected and safeguarded against arbitrary misuse and even theft by staff; physical assets as well as non physical assets such as intellectual assets. The system limits access to sensitive information to data that can be sold by an insider to competitors for instance. Access to financial resources and money is also controlled further increasing data security. It will also help reduce the chances of fraud by detecting

Infectious Episode of Streptococcus Pyogenes and Treatment

Infectious Episode of Streptococcus Pyogenes and Treatment A B C D Morphology appearance on AGAR Cocci. Cocci in clusters, short chains, diplococci and single cocci. Thin swabbed orange pigment from plate. Surrounded by zones of clear beta-hemolysis. Cocci. Large round pale opaque grey colonies surrounded by zones of clear beta-hemolysis. Shiny. Bacilli. Small rod pale opaque grey colonies. Translucent. Shiny. Bacilli. Medium size colonies. Dark grey green. Gram Reaction Purple. Positive. Purple. Positive. Pink. Negative. Pink. Negative. Oxidase Negative. Positive. Catalase Negative. Positive. Coagulase Positive. Strep Grouping Latex Positive for group A. Presumptive Identification ? Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylococcus aureus. Enterobacteria. Pseudomonas species. A = Streptococcus pyogenes. To further confirm that sample A is Streptococcus pyogenes you can undergo a PYR test. The PYR test is a rapid colorimetric method which tests for the presence of the enzyme pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase present in the microorganism. The enzyme hydrolyses L-pyrrolidonyl-ÃŽÂ ²-naphthylamide (PYR) to ÃŽÂ ²-naphthylamide, which produces a red colour when a cinnamaldehyde reagent is added. Paper strips are used to perform the test. A positive result for this test shows the typical morphology of S. pyogenes (Ferretti et al, 2016). Streptococcus pyogenes can also be tested by bacitracin test due to their sensitivity towards it. The test is used because other streptococci is resistant to bacitracin. A bacitracin test is undergone by making a subculture of the S. pyogenes on sheep blood agar. The bacterial strain S. pyogenes being tested is streaked with individual colonies of a culture which is pure from an SBA agar plate and a disk containing 0.04 units of bacitracin is put onto the SBA plate. Incubation overnight at a temperature of 35Â °C in CO2 (5%) then occurs. A zone of inhibition surrounding the disc indicates the susceptibility of the strain (Ferretti et al, 2016). B = Staphylococcus aureus. To further confirm that sample B is Staphylococcus aureus the thermostable DNase test can be used. The thermostable DNAse test is performed using the agar diffusion method. 2ml aliquot of broth of the blood culture is boiled for a duration of 15 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature. Holes of six-millimetres are cut in toluidine blue DNase agar plates. 100Â µl of the boiled culture broth is placed into the well and then incubated at 37oC. Tests are read during 2 and 4 hours. The PPVs and NPVs for the culture is calculated as well as sensitivities and specificities. A result of 100% sensitivity means S. aureus is present (Lagace-Wiens et al, 2007). To distinguish whether the strain is MSSA or MRSA a cefoxitin test is carried out. Susceptibility to cefoxitin is determined by the diffusion disc method on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. A suspension of the organisms is adjusted to 0.5x MacFarland standard, diluted to 1:100 and inoculated onto the Mueller-Hinton agar by streaking the agar surface all over. 30-Â µg cefoxitin disks are applied and the plates are incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. An isolate is an MRSA strain if the cefoxitin inhibition zone diameter is less than or equal to 21 mm (Boutiba-Ben Boubaker et al, 2004). C= Enterobacteria. To further confirm what enterobacteria sample c is, further tests need to be undertaken. To see if sample c is a type of Escherichia bacteria use the lipase test. The test sees if the bacteria uses corn oil as a source of carbon and energy for growth. The result will be negative (if Escherichia) because the colour will be unchanged as no lipase is present (Vumicro.com, n.d.-b). To see if the sample is a Yersinia bacteria the lysine decarboxylase test can be used. The test sees if the bacteria can use lysine as a source of carbon and energy for growth. The result will be negative (if Yersinia) because of lack of colour change to yellow at 24 hours and back to purple at 48 hours (Vumicro.com, n.d.-c). To see if the sample is a Salmonella bacteria use the maltose test. The result will be negative (if Salmonella) due to magenta or hot pink in colour (Vumicro.com, n.d.-a). The citrate test needs to be undertaken to see if the sample is a Shigella bacteria. The test is a test used to assess the ability of the bacteria to utilize sodium citrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. If the sample is a Shigella bacteria then the result for this test will be negative as there will be no colour change as the colour will stay deep forest green (Acharya, 2013). D = Pseudomonas species. To further confirm that sample D is Pseudomonas species a methyl red test can be used. The methyl red test is a test which detects the production of sufficient acid when glucose is fermented and the conditions are maintained such that the pH of the previous culture is kept below the value of 4.5, which is shown by the colour change of the methyl red indicator which is added when the period of incubation finishes. The result of this test for Pseudomonas species is negative because there is no change in colour when methyl red is added. The colour stays yellow (Online Microbiology Notes, 2014a). Another test that can be used is the voges-proskauer (VP) test. The test is a test used to see whether the pathogen produces acetylmethyl carbinol from glucose fermentation. If acteylmethyl carbinol is present it is converted to diacetyl in the presence of ÃŽÂ ±-naphthol, strong alkali and oxygen. Diacetyl found in the peptones in the broth is then condensed to form a pinkish red polymer. The result of this test for Pseudomonas species is negative because acetylmethyl carbinol is not present in Pseudomonas species (Online Microbiology Notes, 2014b). Infectious episode of Streptococcus pyogenes and treatment Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most important pathogens that cause skin and soft-tissue infections and is also associated with septicaemia and other severe complications (Segal et al, 2005). An example of a disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes is scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is a contagious bacterial infection which affects children between 5 and 18 years old. It is spread by contact of droplets from the cough and sneezes of an infected person. Fever and sore throat is the first stage of illness. There also may be chills, vomiting and abdominal pain. The tongue is swollen and has a whitish coating. Throat and tonsils become very red and sore, and swallowing becomes incredibly painful. After one or two days of the illness, a rash appears which is red in colour. Strep bacteria of the strain produce a toxin (poison) that causes people to break out in the rash. The rash appears first on the neck, underarm, and groin, which then spreads throughout the body. The rashes are small, flat red blotches that gradually change into fine bumps and feel like sandpaper. The cheeks have a flushed appearance, but there may also be a pale area around the mouth. Around the underarm, elbow, and groin the skin creases are brighter than the rest of the rash. These rashes are termed pastias lines. Complications of kidney damage, hepatitis, vasculitis, septicaemia, congestive heart failure and death may occur (Davis, n.d.). Scarlet fever can be treated with antibiotics. A strep test is needed. The test involves swabbing the throat to confirm whether group A streptococcus is creating the illness. If it is positive, prescription of antibiotics is needed. Antibiotics allows scarlet fever patients recover sooner and protect people from catching the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Infectious episode of Staphylococcus aureus and treatment Staphylococcus aureus can cause endocarditis. Endocarditis occurs when the bacteria adheres to the cardiac valve. Bacteria can colonize the vegetation composed of fibrin and platelets (Keynan and Rubinstein, 2013). S. aureus enters the bloodstream due to healthcare procedures because of the dentogen pathway or drug use. Bacteria adhere extremely fast usually within minutes to an injured valve surface via deposition on platelet fibrin. It also adheres to inflamed valve surface. S. aureus enters via an intracellular route to the valve endothelium which contributes to inflammation and aggressive tissue destruction by the bacteria. The increase of bacteria on and in the endothelium leads to maturation of vegetation on the valve. Spreading of pathogens occurs from embolization of vegetation particles. This leads to complications such as stroke, haemorrhage, meningitis or reaction to the meningeal, brain abscess, and mycotic aneurysm (Werdan et al, 2013). There are many impacts of endocard itis which are physical and emotional. In the acute phase, unpleasant symptoms can be experienced which include high temperature, chills, loss of appetite, headache, muscle and joint pain, night sweats, shortness of breath and persistent coughs. People who suffer from endocarditis experience complications of blood supply to the brain which is affected. Worry and anxiety can occur which creates symptoms such as a racing heart, increased breathing rate, a dry mouth, sweating, tingling and feeling dizzy. Low mood and depression also occurs because of endocarditis. When patients feel unwell and are being stuck in a hospital they can become sad. Feeling of hopelessness about the future and lacking in energy and drive can also occur. Struggling to enjoy the things you used to enjoy and feeling bad about yourself or criticised by others along with not being able to sleep or eat well occurs as well (Coping after Endocarditis, n.d.). Endocarditis is treated with a course of antibiotics or su rgery (Nhs.uk, 2016). Infectious episode of Enterobacteria and treatment Enterobacteria such as E. coli can cause gastroenteritis. E. coli enters the gastrointestinal tract and attaches to the lining of the intestinal mucosa where it secretes enterotoxins. Invasion of the intestinal mucosa does not occur. Toxins produced by the bacteria affect absorptions of nutrients and causes the cells of the intestinal mucosa to secrete electrolytes and water. Evidence of this will be in the form of profuse watery diarrhoea including vomiting which starts in 12 to 48 hours after ingestion. Other E. coli strains invade the cells of the mucosa and cause stress ulcers and bleeding. This creates inflammatory diarrhoea commonly associated with diarrhoea which sometimes can be bloody and there is a huge amount of abdominal pain. Toxins which E. coli produce present in foods causes secretory diarrhoea which is profuse and watery with nausea and vomiting that is very prominent. It is fast acting and symptoms may be evident in less than 12 hours after ingesting contaminated fo od. In some cases, the symptoms may be present in 1 to 6 hours. Patients with gastroenteritis have an increased risk for aortic aneurysm and ulcerative colitis (Ternhag et al, 2008). Treatments for gastroenteritis include antibiotics. Not every case of the disease needs antibiotics. Majority of cases of gastroenteritis are self-limiting and resolve in days. If the E. coli strain is associated with stool culture and persisting symptoms, then antibiotic treatment is needed. Patients which are immunocompromised also need antibiotics. Antidiarrheal agents can also be used to treat gastroenteritis. Antidiarrheal agents are used when symptoms are persisting even when antibiotics have been taken. The use of the agent is dependent on a case by case and needs to be consulted with a medical doctor before using an antidiarrheal agent. If a persistent diarrhoea is present then probiotics may also be needed (Chris, n.d.). Infectious episode of Pseudomonas species Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the type specie for Pseudomonas which can cause bronchopneumonia. It is an inflammation of the lungs characterized by foci of consolidation surrounded by normal parenchyma. Bronchopneumonia affects one or more lobes, being frequently bilateral and basal (Pathologyatlas.ro, 2014). When a person suffers from bronchopneumonia the lung parenchyma is attacked by the bacteria. An immune inflammatory response is triggered in response to this. Because of this, the alveolar sacs fill with exudate. Consolidation then occurs when the air space is replaced by the exudate (fluid). Also there are multiple areas which is isolated of consolidation, affecting various pulmonary lobes (Hellomrdoctor.com, 2016). Lobular bronchopneumonia can lead to lobar pneumonia. Exudate starts to build up in the basal lobes. The affectation from this disease is bilateral. The lesions diameter vary between 2 and 4 cm and the lesions turn yellow or grey in colour, is dry and centred on a bronc hiole. As well as this, their delimitation is not clear and the lesions become united. Suppurative exudate gathers due to inflammation in the bronchioles. As more bronchioles suffer inflammation, the congestion experienced by the patient becomes more extensive. Between the areas of consolidation, the parenchyma remains normal and aerated (Hellomrdoctor.com, 2016). The effect of bronchopneumonia includes coughing and fever which makes breathing become difficult. If it is not treated mortality can be as high as 40%. If bronchopneumonia becomes severe the outer lining of the lungs and the inner lining of the chest becomes inflamed making breathing even more painful (Quinn, n.d.). If a person has bacterial bronchopneumonia antibiotics are prescribed. Antibiotics will destroy the bacteria causing the infection. Most people feel better within one to three days after starting antibiotics. Fever reducer or cough medication for bronchopneumonia may also be prescribed. These medications can h elp relieve symptoms, but does not cure the patient (Martel, 2015). Bibliography Acharya, T. (2013). Citrate utilization test: Principle, Procedure, expected results and positive organisms microbeonline. [Online] microbeonline. Available at: http://microbeonline.com/citrate-utilization-test-principle-procedure-expected-results-and-positive-organisms/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2017]. Boutiba-Ben Boubaker, I., Ben Abbes, R., Ben Abdallah, H., Mamlouk, K., Mahjoubi, F., Kammoun, A., Hammami, A. and Ben Redjeb, S. (2004). Evaluation of a cefoxitin disk diffusion test for the routine detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 10(8), pp.762-765. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Scarlet Fever. [Online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/Features/ScarletFever/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Chris, D. (n.d.). What is Bacterial Gastroenteritis? Pathophysiology and Treatment | Healthhype.com. [Online] Healthhype.com. Available at: http://www.healthhype.com/what-is-bacterial-gastroenteritis-pathophysiology-and-treatment.html [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Coping after Endocarditis. (n.d.). 1st ed. [PDF] London: Imparts, pp.1-13. Available at: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/depts/pm/research/imparts/Quick-links/Self-Help-Materials/Coping-After-Endocarditis-(long).pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Davis, C. (n.d.). Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) Symptoms, Treatment, Causes What is the prognosis of scarlet fever? What are the long-term effects of scarlet fever? MedicineNet. [Online] MedicineNet. Available at: http://www.medicinenet.com/scarlet_fever_scarlatina/page4.htm [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Ferretti, J., Stevens, D. and Fischetti, V. (2016). Streptococcus pyogenes : Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. 1st ed. [ebook] Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, pp.875-891. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343617/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. Hellomrdoctor.com. (2016). Bronchopneumonia Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment. [Online] Available at: http://hellomrdoctor.com/bronchopneumonia/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Keynan, Y. and Rubinstein, E. (2013). Pathophysiology of Infective Endocarditis. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15(4), pp.342-346. Lagace-Wiens, P., Alfa, M., Manickam, K. and Karlowsky, J. (2007). Thermostable DNase Is Superior to Tube Coagulase for Direct Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Positive Blood Cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45(10), pp.3478-3479. Martel, J. (2015). Bronchopneumonia. [Online] Healthline. Available at: http://www.healthline.com/health/bronchopneumonia#Overview1 [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Nhs.uk. (2016). Endocarditis Treatment NHS Choices. [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Endocarditis/Pages/Treatment.aspx [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Online Microbiology Notes. (2014a). Methyl Red (MR) Test- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation. [online] Available at: http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/methyl-red-mr-test-principle-procedure-and-result-interpretation/ [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Online Microbiology Notes. (2014b). Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result. [online] Available at: http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/voges-proskauer-vp-test-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result/ [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Quinn, B. (n.d.). The effects of pneumonia. [Online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1553760/The-effects-of-pneumonia.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Segal, N., Givon-Lavi, N., Leibovitz, E., Yagupsky, P., Leiberman, A. and Dagan, R. (2005). Acute Otitis Media Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41(1), pp.35-41. Tong, S., Davis, J., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. and Fowler, V. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), pp.603-661. Ternhag, A., TÃ ¶rner, A., Svensson, Ã…., Ekdahl, K. and Giesecke, J. (2008). Short- and Long-term Effects of Bacterial Gastrointestinal Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(1), pp.143-148. Vumicro.com. (n.d.-a). Maltose Fermentation Test. [Online] Available at: http://www.vumicro.com/vumie/help/VUMICRO/Maltose_Fermentation_Test.htm [Accessed 28 Mar. 2017]. Vumicro.com. (n.d.-b). Lipase (Corn Oil) Test. [Online] Available at: http://www.vumicro.com/vumie/help/VUMICRO/Lipase_Corn_Oil_Test.htm [Accessed 28 Mar. 2017]. Vumicro.com. (n.d.-c). Lysine Decarboxylase Test. [Online] Available at: http://www.vumicro.com/vumie/help/VUMICRO/Lysine_decarboxylase_Test.htm [Accessed 28 Mar. 2017]. Werdan, K., Dietz, S., LÃ ¶ffler, B., Niemann, S., Bushnaq, H., Silber, R., Peters, G. and MÃ ¼ller-Werdan, U. (2013). Mechanisms of infective endocarditis: pathogen-host interaction and risk states. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 11(1), pp.35-50.

Child Labor Essay -- Essays Papers

Child Labor Child labor has been around for long time and it still exists in today's world. Thiskind of labor provides problems or difficulties in the economic world. Child labor is social problem with the rise of industrial production and capitalism. It appeared in earlier ages in agricultural societies when the children all around the world had to work along with 19th century, spreading to many countries. The problems started when many children, younger than ten years old, were employed by factories. In this paper I will address the issues and history of child labor, the child labor laws, and my suggestions or solutions to child labor problems. Child labor is defined as the employment of children under the age of physical maturity for long hours. Child labor is often used in societies where industries are being developed. The governments and international organization usually consider a person economically active if the person works on a regular basis. A child is a laborer if the child is economically active. The children are used because they are agile, efficient at many unskilled and semi skilled work, quick learners, unprotected and easy for adults to exploit. Historically, children working is nothing new, it was and still is often described for a family's survival. Many of these children are forced into the workforce to become beggars, farm hands and factory workers. These children are denied an education and normal childhood, some children are confined and beaten. Some are denied freedom of movement or the right to leave the workplace and go to their families. Some are abducted and forced to work. Human rights abuses in these practices are existing. There are approximately 250 milli... ...ause criminal is always going to be a criminal. My opinion is that there should be a trade restriction because I want to see some changes in these countries thatuse child labor and trade restrictions on them would be my best choice. Bibliography: 1. â€Å"Child Labor†, http://1rights.igc.org/projects/childlabor/ 2. â€Å"History Of Child Labor†, http://www.atchison.K12.ks.us/gifted/childlabor.html 3. UNICEF, â€Å"Child Protection†, http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html 4. Human Rights Watch, â€Å"Child Labor†, http://www.hrw.org/children/labor.html 5. â€Å"Child Labor Laws†, http://www.doli.state.mn.us/childlbr.html 6. â€Å"US Child Labor Law†, http://www.cofc.edu/~muellerr/childlabor.html 7. â€Å"Children In Factories†, http://www.globalmarch.org/factory-lab/indonesia.html 8. â€Å"Kaushik Basu†,