Metaphysics - ontology Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics ontology Essay â€Å"I think therefore I am-Descartes;† â€Å"All noble things are as difficult as they are rare- Spinoza. † Decorates and Spinoza are unique; they are like nothing this class has studied previous. They focus on nature, existence and power as the fundamental building blocks to their unique philosophies. The beauty of these two men’s philosophies is not only in their contrasts but in all the ideas the students can draw from their logically thinking strategies; ultimately creating an individual philosophy and bettering ones own life from it. They both use logic but the use of language is the â€Å"wild card† that allows the real questioning to happen. Spinoza and Decorates are masters at using concrete facts and twisting them in such a way so as to question their existence entirely. Almost like one is pressing the reset button on life and starting fresh. The best example I can give is our day-to-day class discussion. Previously our tangents have been focused and connected. But with Spinoza and Decorates they have been different. They have become sporadic, wide spread, and eye opening. Yes the focus has and will always remain to be on the ideals that these men present; but the beauty in these philosophies are not restricted to just their points. The beauty lies within what the student (since we are all students’ not philosophy kings yet) can question and provide. This paper will discuss all the points crucial to these two men’s philosophies; however, throughout the paper the tangents I will draw will reveal my own conclusions that I have been taking note off from our class discussion in order to shed some light on the impact these philosophies have had to myself and philosophy itself. First thing that this paper will cover, and the biggest topic of debate between the two is the dialectic about the mind and body. Descartes is a substance duelist. He believes substance is divided into two things: mind substance and body substance. They are also independent entities in his eyes. In the second meditation he concludes that doubt is possible about the existence of the body but there can be no doubt as to the existence of the thinking mind; the mind simply cannot doubt the existence of thinking, since even the doubt itself would require thinking to exist (this concept itself is confusing and brilliant at the same time basically embodying who Descartes is in a one thought). Therefore Descartes is able to conclude that since there is doubt about the existence of the body, the mind can think without the use of the body. Thus independence is the only logical result. After all of that, duality in substances is born and realized. On the contrary, Spinoza believes mind and body are the same substance. Mind is dependent of the body and vice versa. The mind is united to the body because the body is the object of the mind (Ethics 2, prop 21). However one does not determine the other: The body cannot determine the mind to think, nor the mind the body to remain in motion or at rest (Ethics 3, 2). † Simply put, it is illogical to believe that one act causes the other act to happen. The mind is in place to insure the survival of the body. He rejects the idea of substances that Descartes suggests. Spinoza believes that there is only infinite substance, and no finite substance; which is a contradiction and a double negative (proving a statement false with false evidence). Each thing, mind and body, is both a thought and an extension. The thought is what is known through ideas and the extension is what exists and is sensed physically. Therefore thought is mental and extension is physical. For Spinoza, the mind and body act as a mirror image of each other; neither has any freedom from the other; dependence is therefore born. Then the role of infinite substance is introduced. Spinoza argues that God is the only infinite substance in nature. There can be only one substance that satisfies the idea difference between the two philosophers and that is that Spinoza views thought and extension as inseparable not having independent extensions. While in Descartes philosophy there are two distinct extensions. The mind substance is further divided into infinite and finite thinking. The infinite is God, the finite is each individual mind and soul. There is only one infinite thinking substance and that is God. Thinking is not a physical action (it is a behavior). It is an individual act that only the individual can control. One doesnt have to think a normal way, Descartes would argue. This connects to his views on education and how it can sometimes â€Å"cloud† individuals from their true passions and loves in life. Thinking with a clear mind is something that goes hand in hand with self-knowledge; learning from experience through one’s own paths and mistakes. Accepting that one cannot control everything (only one’s thoughts and physical actions) and understanding the necessity for an open mind to nature. Only then when this is all applied is it possible to live an active life; living life to the fullest and embracing all it has to offer. This leads into Spinoza’s definition of affect. He defines it as â€Å"the modifications of the body whereby the active power of the said body is increased or diminished, aided or constrained, and also the ideas of such modification (Ethics, prop 130). † Simply put, that which is affected does not exist; meaning the only thing that can possibly exist is God. Everything is dependent on something in order for it to survive; a book, a tree, a person, is dependent on something else for its survival. One could argue (and will now) that the mind has the ability to affect too. The only thing that can affect the mind is the mind itself. But the mind can be deceiving. Overthinking or over analyzing can change our perception of what reality is. Emotions and senses also add to the deception the mind can cause. A smell could lead somebody to not eat a meal; hearing somebody’s voice can be appealing or completely â€Å"turn off† the individual from furthering the conversation. The mind can also cause passive moments. Being passive is a huge part of nonexistence to Spinoza. Although the passive moments in ones life are inevitable, Spinoza suggests that we must attempt to control them in order obtain maximum freedom in life. Freedom is that in which someone lives an active life (living in the moment, embracing all that life can offer). By developing good habits, living actively, one can limit the passive moments and bounce back (not fall too far down the divided line). The goal in life is to live the most active life and experience nature to the fullest. Descartes believes in the exact opposite. He beliefs that mind and body are two separate substances that dont rely on each other. Therefore the mind cannot affect the body and the body cannot affect the mind. Thus all that Spinoza would suggest is a â€Å"waste. † The four cores of life are sadness, joy, weakness and power. Each person will experience one in his or her lifetime (if one does not then their alien [interesting what an alien is or is not]). The key, Spinoza would argue is that one experiences the cores in their own way. The question he would ask is: â€Å"will you live your life or the way others tell you too. † God is the key answer to this question. What does it mean to say that God is substance and that everything else is â€Å"in† God? Spinoza suggests that rocks, tables, chairs, birds, mountains, rivers and human beings are all properties of God. Thus all we are is a creation off God. It’s crazy to think that we are merely just part of an image of some other higher substance. When a person feels pain, sadness and joy; does it follow that all the emotions are ultimately just a property of God, therefore suggesting that God feels it too (chills run down*). This is the gut of Spinoza’s philosophy as he devotes the first 15 proportions to defining God and all that he does. Descartes is similar on his view with God. Gods existence is inferred, simply because of existence. For example, God is not an extended thing but only a thinking thing; God exists in a higher form, and he and only he can cause its existence. The idea of God is the idea of an infinite substance. Since a finite substance is less real than an infinite substance. A finite substance does not have enough reality to be the cause of its own idea. But the idea must have come from something. So that something is God, which must be an infinite substance. Therefore, God exists as the only possible cause of this idea. These comparisons that the two philosophers naturally bring to the table lead the mind to wonder. The possibilities are endless when it comes to questions and conclusions. The beauty lies within these questions. It is up to the individual, as Spinoza would say, to stop living a passive life and â€Å"attack† these philosophers in order to create something beautiful.

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Ethical theories Essay

There are five types of ethical theories: 1. Teleological theory of ethics 2. Deontological theory 3. Virtue ethics 4. Justice as fairness 5. Feminism The teleological theory examines the consequences in terms of pleasure and pain, which is termed as â€Å"Utilitarianism†. According to this theory, our obligation in any situation is to perform that action which will produce the greatest amount of good over evil. Under this theory, the ethical virtues such as being honest or not lying are not obligatory. Utilitarian morality compels you to do only those particular acts which bring out good results only. For instance, consider a situation where telling the truth can break someone’s heart or hurt his/her feelings then in the light of this theory, lying is better than honesty. One of the fundamental characteristics of utilitarianism is universalism which talks about the pleasure of everyone, rather than benefitting your own self only. The two versions of utilitarianism have evolved from these conditions, act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism. The two great philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and Stuart Mill presented their views in the light of this theory. Bentham proposed the act-utilitarianism theory and said: â€Å"An action is right if it produces greatest amount of pleasure over pain for everyone† However, this statement was greatly opposed by many critics since they termed it as a â€Å"pig philosophy†. Critics complained that pleasure alone can not constitute the good for human beings because even pigs are capable of attaining pleasure from their own bodies so it would be better to live the life of a satisfied pig rather than being a dissatisfied human being such as Socrates. Seeing these objections, Stuart Mill supported the utilitarianism gave the idea of act-utilitarianism by giving his view that an action is right if it produces greatest amount of pleasure over pain by following certain moral rules. Mill said that a person should go for qualitative pleasure rather than quantitative pleasure. Mill also defended the accusation of pig philosophy on Bentham by giving his views that human beings are able to enjoy the higher levels of pleasure than swine. Human beings can pursuit pleasure in the form of intellectual arts and other such activities. Hence, Mill categorized pleasure in higher and lower forms of pleasure. Rule-utilitarianism emphasized tremendously on morality and social obligations, which in fact, are the problems of all teleological theories. Concluding the discussion now, the best theory is the rule-utilitarianism as compared to act-utilitarianism theory because one does not need to calculate the amount of pleasure and pain before performing any deed. Instead, it provides the basic grounds of morality and goodness for doing any action.

Anatomy Diagram Learn the Parts of a Tarantula

Classifying tarantulas (Family  Theraphosidae) requires extensive knowledge of their external morphology, which studies the form of an organism by looking at the parts of its body. Knowing the location and function of each part of a tarantulas body makes it easier to study and understand them, even when not trying to perform scientific classification. This diagram outlines the anatomy of a tarantula. Tarantula Anatomy Diagram Opisthosoma: One of two main parts of a tarantulas anatomy and the rear section of the body, often referred to as the abdomen. The opisthosoma houses the two pairs of book lungs, a primitive respiratory system consisting of ventilated, leaf-like lungs through which air circulates. It also internally contains the heart, reproductive organs, and the midgut. The spinnerets can be found externally on this part of the tarantulas body. The opisthosoma can expand and contract to take in nutrients or expel eggs.Prosoma: The other main part of a tarantulas anatomy, or front section of the body that is often called the cephalothorax. The dorsal surface of the prosoma is protected by the carapace. The legs, fangs, and pedipalps all extend from the prosoma region externally. Internally, you will find the tarantulas brain, a network of muscles responsible for much of a tarantulas movement, digestive organs, and venom glands.Pedicel: An hour-glass shaped tube that joins the two primary body sectio ns, the exoskeleton or prosoma to the abdomen or opisthosoma. The pedicel contains many nerves and blood vessels internally.Carapace: A very hard, shield-like plate that covers the dorsal surface of the prosoma region. The carapace has many functions. It houses the eyes and fovea, but it is also responsible for protecting the top of the cephalothorax. The carapace is a crucial part of the exoskeleton of a tarantula and its covering of hairs also functions as an effective defense mechanism.Fovea: A dimple on the dorsal surface of the prosoma, or more specifically, the carapace. Many of a tarantulas muscles are fixed to this important feature, including its stomach muscles. The fovea is also called the foveal groove. Its size and shape determine how the tarantulas limbs will move.Ocular tubercle: A small mound on the dorsal surface of the prosoma which holds the tarantulas eyes. This bump is located on the rigid carapace. Tarantulas usually have eight eyes. Though famously ineffective for vision, tarantula eyes may help them to calculate distance or take in polarized light.Chelicerae: Jaws or system of mouthparts that house the venom glands and fangs, which are used for envenoming prey. These are fastened on the front of the prosoma and are quite large. Tarantulas primarily use their chelicerae for eating and hunting.Pedipalps: Sensory appendages. Although they resemble shorter legs, pedipalps are just designed to help tarantulas to feel their environment. The  pedipalps usually have only one claw each, compared to their true legs that each contain two claws. In males, the pedipalps are also used for sperm transfer.Legs: A tarantulas true legs each have two claws on the tarsus (foot). Setae, or the coarse hairs also covering the carapace, can be found on each of the legs and these also help the tarantula to feel their environment and sense danger or prey. A tarantula has four pairs of two legs, or eight legs total, containing seven segments each.Spinnerets: Si lk-producing structures. Tarantulas have two pairs of these appendages and they extend mostly into the abdomen. Tarantulas use silk to defend themselves against threats and create webs for shelter. Sources Anatomy, Theraphosidea website by Dennis Van Vlierberghe. Accessed online September 11, 2019.The Tarantula Keepers Guide:  Comprehensive Information on Care, Housing, and Feeding, by Stanley A. Schultz, Marguerite J. SchultzThe Natural History of Tarantulas, British Tarantula Society website. Accessed online December 27, 2013.

Digital Knowledge Essay - 1446 Words

In â€Å"Literacy and the digital knowledge revolution† (2006), Claire Belisle refers to â€Å"digital knowledge†, as a way that knowledge can be â€Å"processed and transformed†, by the various technological tools, i.e. search engines, databases, sorters and linguistic analysts, that we have available (Belisle, 2006, p57). Belisle moves in to the revouloution Literacy- believes that literacy is the basis of knowledge acquisition and, with the stronger interaction between humans and technology and the way we acquire and interpret information and data from the latter, digital literacy needs to be incorporated into our current literacy structure. According to Paul Gilster, digital literacy is comprised of these four components- assembling knowledge,†¦show more content†¦Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) ISSN: 1350178X DOI: 10.1080/1350178022000015113 Accession Number: 9085763 Database: Business Source Complete Publisher Logo: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR INFORMATION UNITS. Images Alternate Title: Tendencias actuales y futuras en tecnologà ­as de la informacià ³n para unidades de informacià ³n. Authors: Breeding, Marshall1 marshall.breeding@librarytechnology.org Source: El Profesional de la Informacià ³n; ene/feb2012, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p9-15, 7p, 1 Diagram Document Type: Article Subject Terms: *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations *TECHNOLOGICAL progress *INTERNETWORKING (Telecommunication) DIGITAL technology COMPUTING platforms LIBRARY materials -- Computer network resources CLOUD computing Author-Supplied Keywords: Digital collections Digitization Discovery software eBooks eJournals Infrastructure Integrated library systems Libraries Library management systems Web based services Bibliotecas Colecciones digitales Computacià ³n en la nube Digitalizacià ³n Infraestructura Libros electrà ³nicos Revistas electrà ³nicas Servicios basados en la web Sistemas de gestià ³n de bibliotecas Sistemas integrados de bibliotecas Software como servicio Software de discubrimiento Language of Keywords:Show MoreRelatedMy Knowledge And Belief Of Digital Television9351 Words   |  38 PagesDeclaration To the best of my knowledge and belief, I certify that this thesis does not: 1 Incorporate any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education without acknowledgment. 2 Contain any material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text. 3 Contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission to Shenyang University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreUse Of Our Knowledge Of Digital Forensics1489 Words   |  6 Pages Digital Forensics Scenario Supervisor – Mr. Ernest Foo Use our knowledge of Digital Forensics to set up a challenge scenario. We need to set up and develop evidence that can be examined to determine a sequence of events. Scenarios can include disk forensics, network forensics and memory forensics or a combination of all. Prasad Prasannakumari Sasikumar [n9065041] 8/14/2015 â€Æ' Title The present period can be seen as the time of the digital revolution, described by boundless, simpleRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education809 Words   |  4 Pagesthe digitization of every perspective of human life. Most of the human activities have adopted a technology; a move normally referred to as digitizing, in their operation. Education has not been left behind. 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It s a core concept of my business model, and I hope by the time you re done reading this you ll know why it should be a core concept of your own business. In essence, digital transformation is the process of transitioning your entire business from an old stale platform to a new digitally efficient and exciting model. There are so many different things that go into this but let s look at how it works for sales and marketing. Digital Transformation

Autism Disorder Essay - 1832 Words

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder of the brain that severely impacts socialization, communication, and may even cause obsessive or repetitive behaviors. Autism delays the brains normal development, and is also correlated with a milder form of the syndrome known as a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-N OS). Since it was first identified in 1943, there has been increasing rate in new diagnoses each year. Muhle, Trenracoste, and Rapin (2004) found that the rate of diagnosis for Autism has risen 556% between the years of 1991 and 1997. Many feel that this increase is due to a shifting of diagnostic criteria, or newer defining characteristics of the syndrome. The expansion of the diagnostic criteria†¦show more content†¦Because men lack the extra or â€Å"back-up† X chromosome that women have, they are more likely to develop symptoms of Autism, while women have the extra X chromosome to function with if there are abnormalities on th eir first. Along with the high prevalence of Autism in boys, there also seems to be a high ratio of twins that also develop the disorder. Muhle et al., (2004) found through studies, that nearly 60% of monozygotic twins, or identical twins, showed similarities in that both twins shared classic Autistic traits. On the other hand, in dizygotic twins, or fraternal twins, they found 0% similarities in sharing classic Autistic traits. Findings like these suggest that an underlying cause of Autism may be found in genes. Autism was first brought to the world’s attention by a child psychiatrist named Leo Kanner. He published his first article, bringing the world up to date on a new disorder called Autism in 1943. His article was called â€Å"Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact†, and talked about his case studies. Kanner said that he had seen instances of these types of children as early as 1938. In his article he discusses his case studies of eleven children, of which ei ght were boys and 3 girls. 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Cooperative Pursuit Essay Example For Students

Cooperative Pursuit Essay Cooperative PursuitRural electric cooperatives are formed in order to bring rural areas ofthe United States fast, affordable, and efficient electricity. An electric co-op is designed to offer you electricity at a cheaper rate and enables one tomake use of modern electric conveniences. Conveniences that an electric co-opbring include hot water, lights, and heat. Imagine how life would be with theseelectric conveniences at your disposal. Life as it is known would be completelydifferent; more relaxed, more comfortable, and much easier. Even though thereis a small fee required to join the co-op think of all the advantages you willreceive. Hot water is a distinct electric convenience that you could enjoy ifyou decide to form an electric co-op. Hot water not only allows simple routinessuch as bathing to be more comfortable it is used to sanitize your home as wellas your articles of clothing. Thanks to the modernization of preheated water,it is no longer necessary that water be heated manually through backbreakinglabor. All thanks to the arrival of a hot water heater controlled byelectricity. Electrical lighting has unquestionably altered the average householdand will increase your farm productivity. With electricity it is possible tomake use of the entire day not just the daylight hours. thereby increasing yourfarm production by being able to work at a steady pace for a longer period oftime. Imagine not having to blow out or relight candles, with the flip of aswitch you automatically lighted the entire house. Electric lighting is notonly one of the most common conveniences, it is the most practical. Modern day heating compared to the burning of wood or coal is a verywelcomed change in American society. A wood burning stove is now a thing of thepast. Imagine the heating of your entire home with electricity. Chopping wood,hauling coal, and stoking the fire will become a memory from days gone by. Iguarantee that you will enjoy being able to control the warmth of your of yourhome at the flip of a switch. the environment will also profit by the use ofelectric heating, By having cleaner air and being able to retain possession ofone of its most treasured possessions trees. The conveniences cited above may be conveyed to you effectively by anelectric cooperative. Try to imagine all of the modern conveniences listed inyour very own home. If cost is a factor in making the switch from youraccustomed to a more modernize life, most co-ops only ask a five dollarmembership fee. If you think the co-op could be the thing for you and wouldlike to apply for membership and accept the responsibilities it requires thenit does not matter your gender, race, or religion. you are automaticallyaccepted for membership. One of the more lucrative aspects of being a member inthe co-op, is that you will be able to participate in the governing of it. Finally the rural areas can now be connected to the city life by forming anelectric co-op. If you desire service that is fast, efficient, and affordabledefinitely consider forming an electric cooperative in your area.